我要评论在 postgresql 中查看用户权限是一个系统化的过程，需要从多个维度进行查询。
以下是全面查看用户权限的方法:
1. 查看用户基本属性
首先查看用户的基本信息和高级权限：
select
usename as username,
usesuper as is_superuser,
usecreatedb as can_create_db,
userepl as can_replicate,
usebypassrls as can_bypass_rls,
valuntil as password_expires
from pg_user
where usename = 'your_username'; -- 替换为要查询的用户名+----------+--------------+---------------+---------------+----------------+------------------+ | username | is_superuser | can_create_db | can_replicate | can_bypass_rls | password_expires | +----------+--------------+---------------+---------------+----------------+------------------+ | postgres | t | t | t | t | | +----------+--------------+---------------+---------------+----------------+------------------+
– 或者查看所有用户
select * from pg_user;
+---------------+----------+-------------+----------+---------+--------------+----------+----------+-----------+ | usename | usesysid | usecreatedb | usesuper | userepl | usebypassrls | passwd | valuntil | useconfig | +---------------+----------+-------------+----------+---------+--------------+----------+----------+-----------+ | postgres | 10 | t | t | t | t | ******** | | | | readonly_user | 24600 | f | f | f | f | ******** | | | +---------------+----------+-------------+----------+---------+--------------+----------+----------+-----------+
2. 查看数据库级别权限
查看用户对各个数据库的权限：
select
datname as database,
datacl as privileges
from pg_database
where datname not in ('template0', 'template1')
order by datname;
+----------+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| database | privileges |
+----------+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| postgres | |
| test_db | {=tc/postgres,postgres=ctc/postgres,readonly_user=c/postgres} |
+----------+---------------------------------------------------------------+
3. 查看模式级别权限
查看用户在特定数据库中的模式权限：
select
nspname as schema,
nspacl as privileges
from pg_namespace
where nspname not like 'pg_%'
and nspname != 'information_schema'
order by nspname;
+--------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| schema | privileges |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| public | {pg_database_owner=uc/pg_database_owner,=u/pg_database_owner,readonly_user=u/pg_database_owner} |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
4. 查看表级别权限
这是最常用的权限查看，显示用户对表的操作权限：
select
n.nspname as schema,
c.relname as table_name,
c.relkind as type, -- 'r'=table, 'v'=view, 'm'=materialized view
c.relacl as privileges
from pg_class c
join pg_namespace n on n.oid = c.relnamespace
where c.relkind in ('r', 'v', 'm')
and n.nspname not in ('pg_catalog', 'information_schema')
order by n.nspname, c.relname;
+--------+-------------+------+------------------------------------------------------+
| schema | table_name | type | privileges |
+--------+-------------+------+------------------------------------------------------+
| public | author | r | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| public | class | r | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| public | contacts | r | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| public | duty | r | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| public | ipdb1 | r | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| public | ipdb2 | r | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| public | order | r | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| public | sample_data | r | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| public | student | r | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| public | t | r | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| public | t1 | r | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| public | t_date | r | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| public | test | r | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| public | testtab01 | r | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| public | testtab05 | r | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| public | testtab08 | r | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
+--------+-------------+------+------------------------------------------------------+
5. 查看列级别权限
查看用户对表中特定列的权限：
select
n.nspname as schema,
c.relname as table_name,
a.attname as column_name,
a.attacl as privileges
from pg_attribute a
join pg_class c on a.attrelid = c.oid
join pg_namespace n on n.oid = c.relnamespace
where a.attnum > 0
and not a.attisdropped
and a.attacl is not null
order by n.nspname, c.relname, a.attnum;
+------------+-----------------+------------------+---------------+
| schema | table_name | column_name | privileges |
+------------+-----------------+------------------+---------------+
| pg_catalog | pg_subscription | oid | {=r/postgres} |
| pg_catalog | pg_subscription | subdbid | {=r/postgres} |
| pg_catalog | pg_subscription | subskiplsn | {=r/postgres} |
| pg_catalog | pg_subscription | subname | {=r/postgres} |
| pg_catalog | pg_subscription | subowner | {=r/postgres} |
| pg_catalog | pg_subscription | subenabled | {=r/postgres} |
| pg_catalog | pg_subscription | subbinary | {=r/postgres} |
| pg_catalog | pg_subscription | substream | {=r/postgres} |
| pg_catalog | pg_subscription | subtwophasestate | {=r/postgres} |
| pg_catalog | pg_subscription | subdisableonerr | {=r/postgres} |
| pg_catalog | pg_subscription | subslotname | {=r/postgres} |
| pg_catalog | pg_subscription | subsynccommit | {=r/postgres} |
| pg_catalog | pg_subscription | subpublications | {=r/postgres} |
+------------+-----------------+------------------+---------------+
6. 查看函数权限
查看用户对函数的执行权限：
select
n.nspname as schema,
p.proname as function_name,
p.proacl as privileges
from pg_proc p
join pg_namespace n on n.oid = p.pronamespace
where n.nspname not in ('pg_catalog', 'information_schema')
order by n.nspname, p.proname;
+--------+----------------+------------+ | schema | function_name | privileges | +--------+----------------+------------+ | public | inetmultirange | | | public | inetmultirange | | | public | inetmultirange | | | public | inetrange | | | public | inetrange | | +--------+----------------+------------+
7. 查看序列权限
查看用户对序列的权限：
select
n.nspname as schema,
c.relname as sequence_name,
c.relacl as privileges
from pg_class c
join pg_namespace n on n.oid = c.relnamespace
where c.relkind = 's' -- 序列
order by n.nspname, c.relname;
+--------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| schema | sequence_name | privileges |
+--------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| public | sample_data_id_seq | {postgres=rwu/postgres,readonly_user=u/postgres} |
+--------+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
8. 综合权限查询工具
查询特定用户在所有对象上的权限
select
grantee,
table_schema,
table_name,
privilege_type
from information_schema.role_table_grants
where grantee = 'your_username' -- 替换为要查询的用户名
order by table_schema, table_name;
+---------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------+ | grantee | table_schema | table_name | privilege_type | +---------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------+ | postgres | information_schema | _pg_foreign_data_wrappers | insert | | postgres | information_schema | _pg_foreign_data_wrappers | trigger | | postgres | information_schema | _pg_foreign_data_wrappers | references | | postgres | information_schema | _pg_foreign_data_wrappers | truncate | | postgres | information_schema | _pg_foreign_data_wrappers | delete | | postgres | information_schema | _pg_foreign_data_wrappers | update | | postgres | information_schema | _pg_foreign_data_wrappers | select |
查看用户成员关系（角色继承）
select
rolname as role_name,
member,
(select rolname from pg_roles where oid = m.member) as member_name,
admin_option
from pg_roles r
join pg_auth_members m on r.oid = m.roleid
where (select rolname from pg_roles where oid = m.member) = 'your_username';
+-----------+--------+-------------+--------------+ | role_name | member | member_name | admin_option | +-----------+--------+-------------+--------------+ +-----------+--------+-------------+--------------+
9. 高级权限分析查询
生成详细的权限报告
with user_privs as (
-- 数据库权限
select
'database' as object_type,
datname as object_name,
datacl as privileges,
datacl::text as privileges_text -- 转换为文本
from pg_database
where datname = current_database()
union all
-- 模式权限
select
'schema',
nspname,
nspacl as privileges,
nspacl::text as privileges_text -- 转换为文本
from pg_namespace
where nspname not like 'pg_%'
union all
-- 表权限
select
case relkind
when 'r' then 'table'
when 'v' then 'view'
when 'm' then 'materialized view'
end,
nspname || '.' || relname,
relacl as privileges,
relacl::text as privileges_text -- 转换为文本
from pg_class c
join pg_namespace n on n.oid = c.relnamespace
where relkind in ('r', 'v', 'm')
and nspname not in ('pg_catalog', 'information_schema')
)
select
object_type,
object_name,
privileges
from user_privs
where privileges_text like '%postgres%' -- 使用转换后的文本字段进行like匹配
or privileges is null
order by object_type, object_name;+-------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| object_type | object_name | privileges |
+-------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| database | test_db | {=tc/postgres,postgres=ctc/postgres,readonly_user=c/postgres} |
| schema | information_schema | {postgres=uc/postgres,=u/postgres} |
| table | public.author | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| table | public.class | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| table | public.contacts | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| table | public.duty | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| table | public.ipdb1 | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| table | public.ipdb2 | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| table | public.order | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| table | public.sample_data | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| table | public.student | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| table | public.t | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| table | public.t1 | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| table | public.t_date | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| table | public.test | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| table | public.testtab01 | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| table | public.testtab05 | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
| table | public.testtab08 | {postgres=arwddxt/postgres,readonly_user=r/postgres} |
+-------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+
10. 使用内置函数查看权限
postgresql 提供了 has_table_privilege() 等函数来检查特定权限：
-- 检查用户对特定表的权限
select
has_table_privilege('your_username', 'schema_name.table_name', 'select') as can_select,
has_table_privilege('your_username', 'schema_name.table_name', 'insert') as can_insert,
has_table_privilege('your_username', 'schema_name.table_name', 'update') as can_update,
has_table_privilege('your_username', 'schema_name.table_name', 'delete') as can_delete;
select
has_table_privilege('readonly_user', 'public.t1', 'select') as can_select,
has_table_privilege('readonly_user', 'public.t1', 'insert') as can_insert,
has_table_privilege('readonly_user', 'public.t1', 'update') as can_update,
has_table_privilege('readonly_user', 'public.t1', 'delete') as can_delete;
can_select | can_insert | can_update | can_delete
------------+------------+------------+------------
t | f | f | f
(1 row)
实用技巧
查看当前用户权限：
-- 查看当前用户在所有表上的权限 select * from information_schema.table_privileges;
- 权限说明：
r= select (“read”)w= update (“write”)a= insert (“append”)d= deleted= truncatex= referencest= triggerx= executeu= usagec= createc= connectt= temporary
- 快速检查用户是否有某个权限：
select has_database_privilege('username', 'databasename', 'connect');
select has_schema_privilege('username', 'schemaname', 'usage');
select has_table_privilege('username', 'tablename', 'select');
select has_database_privilege('readonly_user', 'test_db', 'connect');
has_database_privilege
------------------------
t
(1 row)
test_db=# select has_schema_privilege('readonly_user', 'public', 'usage');
has_schema_privilege
----------------------
t
(1 row)
test_db=# select has_table_privilege('readonly_user', 't1', 'select');
has_table_privilege
---------------------
t
(1 row)通过这些查询，可以全面了解 postgresql 中用户的权限情况，便于进行权限审计和安全管理工作。
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