excel公式是数据处理的核心工具。从简单的加减运算到复杂的逻辑判断,掌握基础语法是高效工作的起点。例如使用sum函数快速求和,或通过if函数实现条件判断。通过公式计算数据能减少人工计算的错误率。本文将介绍如何通过python在excel中添加各种公式/函数、或者读取excel中的公式。
python excel 库安装
要在python应用程序中操作excel文档,需要用到spire.xls for python库。可以直接使用以下pip命令安装:
pip install spire.xls
python 在 excel 中添加公式/函数
spire.xls for python 提供的 worksheet.range[].formula 属性可用于为 excel 工作表中的特定单元格添加公式。支持添加多种常见公式如 sum、average、count、if等,此外还支持日期和时间公式、数学和三角函数等。
步骤如下:
- 创建一个excel工作簿。
- 通过 workbook.worksheets[sheetindex] 属性获取指定工作表。
- 通过 worksheet.range[rowindex, columnindex].text 和 worksheet.range[rowindex, columnindex].numbervalue 属性在指定单元格中添加文本和数字数据。
- 通过 worksheet.range[rowindex, columnindex].formula 属性在指定单元格中添加公式。
- 保存结果文件。
python代码:
from spire.xls import * from spire.xls.common import * # 创建工作簿 workbook = workbook() # 获取第一张工作表 sheet = workbook.worksheets[0] # 定义两个变量 currentrow = 1 currentformula = "" # 在单元格中添加文本并设置单元格样式 sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "测试数据:" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].style.font.isbold = true sheet.range[currentrow, 1].style.fillpattern = excelpatterntype.solid sheet.range[currentrow, 1].style.knowncolor = excelcolors.lightgreen1 sheet.range[currentrow, 1].style.borders[borderslinetype.edgebottom].linestyle = linestyletype.medium currentrow += 1 # 在单元格中添加数据 sheet.range[currentrow, 1].numbervalue = 7.3 sheet.range[currentrow, 2].numbervalue = 5 sheet.range[currentrow, 3].numbervalue = 8.2 sheet.range[currentrow, 4].numbervalue = 4 sheet.range[currentrow, 5].numbervalue = 3 sheet.range[currentrow, 6].numbervalue = 11.3 currentrow += 2 # 在单元格中添加文本并设置单元格样式 sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "公式" sheet.range[currentrow, 2].text = "计算结果" sheet.range[currentrow, 1, currentrow, 2].style.font.isbold = true sheet.range[currentrow, 1, currentrow, 2].style.knowncolor = excelcolors.lightgreen1 sheet.range[currentrow, 1, currentrow, 2].style.fillpattern = excelpatterntype.solid sheet.range[currentrow, 1, currentrow, 2].style.borders[borderslinetype.edgebottom].linestyle = linestyletype.medium currentrow += 1 # 添加表达式 currentformula = "=1+2+3+4+5-6-7+8-9" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 currentformula = "=33*3/4-2+10" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加单元格引用 currentformula = "=sheet1!$b$2" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加average函数,用于计算一组数值的平均值 currentformula = "=average(sheet1!$d$2:f$2)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加sum函数,对一组数值进行求和计算 currentformula = "=sum(18,29)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加if函数,用于根据指定的条件进行判断,并返回不同的结果 currentformula = "=if(4,2,2)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加count计数,用于统计包含数字的单元格个数 currentformula = "=count(3,5,8,10,2,34)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加subtotal函数,用于在数据列表或数据库中进行分类汇总 currentformula = "=subtotal(3,sheet1!a2:f2)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加now函数,用于返回当前的日期 currentformula = "=now()" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].style.numberformat = "yyyy-mm-dd" currentrow += 1 # 添加second函数,用于从时间值中提取秒数 currentformula = "=second(0.503)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加minute函数,用于从时间值里提取分钟数 currentformula = "=minute(0.78125)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加month函数,用于从日期值中提取月份信息 currentformula = "=month(9)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加day函数,用于从日期值中提取出具体的日信息 currentformula = "=day(10)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加time函数,通过分别指定小时、分钟和秒来创建一个标准的时间格式 currentformula = "=time(4,5,7)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加date函数,用于根据指定的年、月、日构建一个日期。 currentformula = "=date(6,4,2)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加rand函数,用于生成一个大于等于 0 且小于 1 的随机小数 currentformula = "=rand()" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加hour函数,用于从时间值中提取小时数 currentformula = "=hour(0.5)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加mod函数,用于返回两数相除的余数 currentformula = "=mod(5,3)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加weekday函数,用于返回某个日期对应的星期数 currentformula = "=weekday(3)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加year函数,用于从给定的日期中提取出对应的年份 currentformula = "=year(23)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加not函数,用于对给定的逻辑值取反 currentformula = "=not(true)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加or函数,用于对多个条件进行逻辑或运算(当给定的条件中至少有一个为 true 时,函数就会返回 true;只有当所有条件都为 false 时,函数才会返回 false。) currentformula = "=or(true)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加and函数,用于对多个条件进行逻辑与运算(只有当所有指定的条件都为 true 时,and 函数才会返回 true;只要有一个条件为 false,函数就会返回 false。) currentformula = "=and(true)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加value函数,用于将文本形式的数字转换为数值类型 currentformula = "=value(30)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加len函数,用于返回文本字符串中的字符个数 currentformula = "=len(\"world\")" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加mid函数,用于从一个文本字符串中指定的起始位置开始,提取指定长度的字符 currentformula = "=mid(\"world\",4,2)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加round函数,用于按指定的位数对数值进行四舍五入 currentformula = "=round(7,3)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加sign函数,用于判断一个数值的正负性,并返回其符号对应的数值 currentformula = "=sign(4)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加int函数,用于将一个数值向下取整为最接近的整数,也就是去除数值的小数部分,返回不大于该数值的最大整数。 currentformula = "=int(200)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加abs函数,用于返回一个数的绝对值,也就是将该数的负号去除,只保留其数值大小,不考虑其正负性。 currentformula = "=abs(-1.21)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加ln函数,用于计算一个数的自然对数。 currentformula = "=ln(15)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加exp函数,用于计算自然常数 e(约等于 2.71828)的指定次幂 currentformula = "=exp(20)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加sqrt函数,用于计算一个数的算术平方根 currentformula = "=sqrt(40)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加pi函数,返回数学常数 π(圆周率)的近似值 currentformula = "=pi()" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加cos函数,用于计算一个角度的余弦值 currentformula = "=cos(9)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加sin函数,用于计算给定角度的正弦值 currentformula = "=sin(45)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加max函数,用于返回一组数值中的最大值 currentformula = "=max(10,30)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 添加min函数,用于返回一组数值中的最小值 currentformula = "=min(5,7)" sheet.range[currentrow, 1].text = "'" + currentformula sheet.range[currentrow, 2].formula = currentformula currentrow += 1 # 设置列宽 sheet.setcolumnwidth(1, 32) sheet.setcolumnwidth(2, 16) sheet.setcolumnwidth(3, 16) # 应用样式 style = workbook.styles.add("style") style.horizontalalignment = horizontalaligntype.left sheet.applystyle(style) # 保存生成文档 workbook.savetofile("excel公式.xlsx", excelversion.version2016) workbook.dispose()
生成结果:
python 读取 excel 中的公式/函数
我们可以遍历工作表中的所有单元格,然后通过 cell.hasformula 属性找到包含公式的单元格,再使用 cellrange.formula 属性获取单元格的公式。
步骤如下:
- 加载 excel 文件。
- 通过 workbook.worksheets[sheetindex] 属性获取指定工作表。
- 通过 workheet.allocatedrange 属性获取工作表的使用范围。
- 创建一个空列表。
- 遍历使用范围内的所有单元格。
- 通过 cell.hasformula 属性查找包含公式的单元格。
- 使用 cellrange.rangeaddresslocal 和 cellrange.formula 属性获取单元格的名称和公式。
- 将读取内容添加到列表中,然后写入txt文本文件。
python代码:
from spire.xls import * from spire.xls.common import * # 加载excel文档 workbook = workbook() workbook.loadfromfile("excel公式.xlsx") # 获取第一张工作表 sheet = workbook.worksheets[0] # 获取工作表的使用范围 usedrange = sheet.allocatedrange # 创建列表 list = [] # 遍历工作表使用范围内的单元格 for cell in usedrange: # 检查单元格是否有公式 if(cell.hasformula): # 获取单元格名称 cellname = cell.rangeaddresslocal # 获取公式 formula = cell.formula # 将单元格名称和公式添加到列表中 list.append(cellname + " 公式为: " + formula) # 导入txt文本文件 with open("读取公式.txt", "w", encoding = "utf-8") as text_file: for item in list: text_file.write(item + "\n") workbook.dispose()
读取结果:
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