Golang HTML 模板使用指南示例详解_Golang

golang html 模板使用指南

1. 基础模板示例

1.1 简单页面模板

<!-- templates/layout.html -->
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>{{.title}}</title>
    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/style.css" rel="external nofollow" >
</head>
<body>
    <header>
        <h1>{{.title}}</h1>
        <nav>
            <a href="/" rel="external nofollow" >首页</a>
            <a href="/about" rel="external nofollow" >关于</a>
            <a href="/contact" rel="external nofollow" >联系我们</a>
        </nav>
    </header>
    <main>
        {{template "content" .}}
    </main>
    <footer>
        <p>&copy; {{.year}} 我的网站</p>
    </footer>
</body>
</html>

// main.go
package main
import (
    "html/template"
    "net/http"
    "time"
)
func main() {
    http.handlefunc("/", func(w http.responsewriter, r *http.request) {
        tmpl := template.must(template.parsefiles("templates/layout.html"))
        data := struct {
            title string
            year  int
        }{
            title: "我的网站",
            year:  time.now().year(),
        }
        tmpl.execute(w, data)
    })
    http.listenandserve(":8080", nil)
}

1.2 列表渲染

<!-- templates/products.html -->
{{define "content"}}
<div class="products">
    <h2>产品列表</h2>
    <div class="product-grid">
        {{range .products}}
        <div class="product-card">
            <img src="{{.image}}" alt="{{.name}}">
            <h3>{{.name}}</h3>
            <p>{{.description}}</p>
            <div class="price">{{formatprice .price}}</div>
            {{if .instock}}
                <button class="buy-btn">购买</button>
            {{else}}
                <button class="out-of-stock" disabled>缺货</button>
            {{end}}
        </div>
        {{end}}
    </div>
</div>
{{end}}

type product struct {
    name        string
    description string
    price       float64
    image       string
    instock     bool
}
func productshandler(w http.responsewriter, r *http.request) {
    funcmap := template.funcmap{
        "formatprice": func(price float64) string {
            return fmt.sprintf("￥%.2f", price)
        },
    }
    tmpl := template.new("layout.html").funcs(funcmap)
    tmpl = template.must(tmpl.parsefiles(
        "templates/layout.html",
        "templates/products.html",
    ))
    data := struct {
        title    string
        year     int
        products []product
    }{
        title: "产品列表",
        year:  time.now().year(),
        products: []product{
            {
                name:        "商品1",
                description: "这是商品1的描述",
                price:       99.99,
                image:      "/static/images/product1.jpg",
                instock:    true,
            },
            // 更多商品...
        },
    }
    tmpl.execute(w, data)
}

2. 高级模板示例

2.1 嵌套模板

<!-- templates/components/header.html -->
{{define "header"}}
<header class="site-header">
    <div class="logo">
        <img src="/static/images/logo.png" alt="logo">
    </div>
    <nav class="main-nav">
        <ul>
            {{range .navitems}}
            <li class="{{if eq $.currentpage .link}}active{{end}}">
                <a href="{{.link}}" rel="external nofollow" >{{.text}}</a>
            </li>
            {{end}}
        </ul>
    </nav>
    {{if .user}}
    <div class="user-menu">
        <span>欢迎, {{.user.name}}</span>
        <a href="/logout" rel="external nofollow" >退出</a>
    </div>
    {{else}}
    <div class="auth-buttons">
        <a href="/login" rel="external nofollow"  class="btn btn-login">登录</a>
        <a href="/register" rel="external nofollow"  class="btn btn-register">注册</a>
    </div>
    {{end}}
</header>
{{end}}

2.2 表单处理

<!-- templates/form.html -->
{{define "content"}}
<div class="form-container">
    <h2>{{.formtitle}}</h2>
    {{with .formerror}}
        <div class="error-message">{{.}}</div>
    {{end}}
    <form method="post" action="{{.formaction}}" enctype="multipart/form-data">
        {{range .fields}}
        <div class="form-group">
            <label for="{{.id}}">{{.label}}{{if .required}}*{{end}}</label>
            {{if eq .type "text"}}
                <input type="text" id="{{.id}}" name="{{.name}}" 
                       value="{{.value}}" {{if .required}}required{{end}}
                       {{with .pattern}}pattern="{{.}}"{{end}}>
            {{else if eq .type "textarea"}}
                <textarea id="{{.id}}" name="{{.name}}" 
                         {{if .required}}required{{end}}>{{.value}}</textarea>
            {{else if eq .type "select"}}
                <select id="{{.id}}" name="{{.name}}" 
                        {{if .required}}required{{end}}>
                    {{range .options}}
                    <option value="{{.value}}" {{if eq .value $.selected}}selected{{end}}>
                        {{.text}}
                    </option>
                    {{end}}
                </select>
            {{end}}
            {{with .error}}
                <span class="field-error">{{.}}</span>
            {{end}}
        </div>
        {{end}}
        <div class="form-actions">
            <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">{{.submittext}}</button>
            <button type="reset" class="btn btn-secondary">重置</button>
        </div>
    </form>
</div>
{{end}}

2.3 分页组件

<!-- templates/components/pagination.html -->
{{define "pagination"}}
<div class="pagination">
    {{if gt .totalpages 1}}
        {{if gt .currentpage 1}}
            <a href="?page=1" rel="external nofollow"  class="page-link first">&laquo;</a>
            <a href="?page={{subtract .currentpage 1}}" rel="external nofollow"  class="page-link prev">&lsaquo;</a>
        {{end}}
        {{range $i := range (sequence .totalpages)}}
            {{if and (ge $i (subtract $.currentpage 2)) (le $i (add $.currentpage 2))}}
                <a href="?page={{add $i 1}}" rel="external nofollow"  
                   class="page-link {{if eq $i (subtract $.currentpage 1)}}active{{end}}">
                    {{add $i 1}}
                </a>
            {{end}}
        {{end}}
        {{if lt .currentpage .totalpages}}
            <a href="?page={{add .currentpage 1}}" rel="external nofollow"  class="page-link next">&rsaquo;</a>
            <a href="?page={{.totalpages}}" rel="external nofollow"  class="page-link last">&raquo;</a>
        {{end}}
    {{end}}
</div>
{{end}}

3. 完整应用示例

3.1 博客系统模板

<!-- templates/blog/list.html -->
{{define "content"}}
<div class="blog-list">
    <div class="filters">
        <div class="search">
            <input type="text" placeholder="搜索文章..." 
                   value="{{.query}}" id="searchinput">
        </div>
        <div class="categories">
            {{range .categories}}
            <a href="/blog?category={{.slug}}" rel="external nofollow"  
               class="category {{if eq $.currentcategory .slug}}active{{end}}">
                {{.name}} ({{.count}})
            </a>
            {{end}}
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class="articles">
        {{range .posts}}
        <article class="post-card">
            {{if .image}}
            <div class="post-image">
                <img src="{{.image}}" alt="{{.title}}">
            </div>
            {{end}}
            <div class="post-content">
                <h2><a href="/blog/{{.slug}}" rel="external nofollow" >{{.title}}</a></h2>
                <div class="post-meta">
                    <span class="author">{{.author}}</span>
                    <span class="date">{{formatdate .createdat "2006-01-02"}}</span>
                    <span class="category">{{.category}}</span>
                </div>
                <p class="excerpt">{{truncate .content 200}}</p>
                <div class="tags">
                    {{range .tags}}
                    <a href="/blog?tag={{.}}" rel="external nofollow"  class="tag">{{.}}</a>
                    {{end}}
                </div>
            </div>
        </article>
        {{else}}
        <div class="no-posts">
            暂无文章
        </div>
        {{end}}
    </div>
    {{template "pagination" .pagination}}
</div>
{{end}}

type blogdata struct {
    query           string
    currentcategory string
    categories      []category
    posts           []post
    pagination      pagination
}
type category struct {
    name  string
    slug  string
    count int
}
type post struct {
    title     string
    slug      string
    content   string
    author    string
    image     string
    category  string
    tags      []string
    createdat time.time
}
type pagination struct {
    currentpage int
    totalpages  int
    totalitems  int
}
func bloghandler(w http.responsewriter, r *http.request) {
    funcmap := template.funcmap{
        "formatdate": func(t time.time, layout string) string {
            return t.format(layout)
        },
        "truncate": func(s string, l int) string {
            if len(s) <= l {
                return s
            }
            return s[:l] + "..."
        },
    }
    tmpl := template.new("layout.html").funcs(funcmap)
    tmpl = template.must(tmpl.parsefiles(
        "templates/layout.html",
        "templates/blog/list.html",
        "templates/components/pagination.html",
    ))
    data := blogdata{
        query:           r.url.query().get("q"),
        currentcategory: r.url.query().get("category"),
        categories: []category{
            {name: "技术", slug: "tech", count: 10},
            {name: "生活", slug: "life", count: 5},
        },
        posts: []post{
            {
                title:     "示例文章",
                slug:      "example-post",
                content:   "这是一篇示例文章的内容...",
                author:    "作者名",
                category: "tech",
                tags:     []string{"go", "web"},
                createdat: time.now(),
            },
        },
        pagination: pagination{
            currentpage: 1,
            totalpages:  5,
            totalitems:  45,
        },
    }
    tmpl.execute(w, data)
}

4. css 样式示例

/* static/css/style.css */
/* 基础样式 */
body {
    font-family: -apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, "segoe ui", roboto, sans-serif;
    line-height: 1.6;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    color: #333;
}
/* 头部样式 */
.site-header {
    background: #fff;
    box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
    padding: 1rem;
}
.main-nav ul {
    list-style: none;
    display: flex;
    gap: 1rem;
}
/* 产品卡片样式 */
.product-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(250px, 1fr));
    gap: 2rem;
    padding: 2rem;
}
.product-card {
    border: 1px solid #eee;
    border-radius: 8px;
    overflow: hidden;
    transition: transform 0.2s;
}
.product-card:hover {
    transform: translatey(-5px);
    box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
}
/* 表单样式 */
.form-container {
    max-width: 600px;
    margin: 2rem auto;
    padding: 2rem;
    background: #fff;
    border-radius: 8px;
    box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
}
.form-group {
    margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
}
/* 博客列表样式 */
.blog-list {
    max-width: 1200px;
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding: 2rem;
}
.post-card {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 200px 1fr;
    gap: 1.5rem;
    margin-bottom: 2rem;
    padding: 1rem;
    background: #fff;
    border-radius: 8px;
    box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
}
/* 分页样式 */
.pagination {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: 0.5rem;
    margin: 2rem 0;
}
.page-link {
    padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
    border: 1px solid #ddd;
    border-radius: 4px;
    color: #333;
    text-decoration: none;
}
.page-link.active {
    background: #007bff;
    color: #fff;
    border-color: #007bff;
}

5. javascript 交互示例

// static/js/main.js
document.addeventlistener('domcontentloaded', function() {
    // 搜索功能
    const searchinput = document.getelementbyid('searchinput');
    if (searchinput) {
        searchinput.addeventlistener('input', debounce(function(e) {
            const query = e.target.value;
            window.location.href = `/blog?q=${encodeuricomponent(query)}`;
        }, 500));
    }
    // 表单验证
    const forms = document.queryselectorall('form');
    forms.foreach(form => {
        form.addeventlistener('submit', function(e) {
            const requiredfields = form.queryselectorall('[required]');
            let valid = true;
            requiredfields.foreach(field => {
                if (!field.value.trim()) {
                    valid = false;
                    field.classlist.add('error');
                } else {
                    field.classlist.remove('error');
                }
            });
            if (!valid) {
                e.preventdefault();
                alert('请填写所有必填字段');
            }
        });
    });
});
// 工具函数
function debounce(func, wait) {
    let timeout;
    return function executedfunction(...args) {
        const later = () => {
            cleartimeout(timeout);
            func(...args);
        };
        cleartimeout(timeout);
        timeout = settimeout(later, wait);
    };
}