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重学SpringBoot3之如何发送Email邮件功能

2024年11月25日 • Java •我要评论
前言在企业应用开发中，发送邮件是一个非常常见的需求，比如用户注册验证、密码重置、系统通知等场景。springboot 3提供了完善的邮件发送支持，本文将详细介绍如何在springboot 3中实现邮件

前言

在企业应用开发中，发送邮件是一个非常常见的需求，比如用户注册验证、密码重置、系统通知等场景。springboot 3提供了完善的邮件发送支持，本文将详细介绍如何在springboot 3中实现邮件发送功能，并提供最佳实践建议。

1. 环境准备

  • jdk 17+
  • springboot 3.0+
  • maven/gradle

2. 项目配置

2.1 添加依赖

在 pom.xml中添加以下依赖：

        <dependency>
            <groupid>org.springframework.boot</groupid>
            <artifactid>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactid>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupid>org.springframework.boot</groupid>
            <artifactid>spring-boot-starter-mail</artifactid>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupid>org.springframework.boot</groupid>
            <artifactid>spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf</artifactid>
        </dependency>

2.2 配置邮件服务器

在 application.yml中添加邮件服务器配置：

spring:
  mail:
    host: smtp.qq.com  # qq邮件服务器地址
    port: 587            # 端口号
    username: ${username}
    password: ${password}  # 需要去qq邮箱开通开通pop3/imap服务，并设置专用密码
    properties:
      mail:
        smtp:
          auth: true
          starttls:
            enable: true
            required: true
  thymeleaf:
    cache: true
    check-template: true
    check-template-location: true
    content-type: text/html
    enabled: true
    encoding: utf-8
    excluded-view-names: ''
    mode: html
    prefix: classpath:/templates/
    suffix: .html

3. 代码实现

3.1 创建邮件服务接口

package com.example.springboot3email.service;

import org.springframework.web.multipart.multipartfile;

/**
 * @author coderjia
 * @create 2024/11/21 10:22
 * @description
 **/
public interface iemailservice {

    void sendsimpleemail(string to, string subject, string text);

    void sendhtmlemail(string to, string subject, string htmlcontent);

    void sendemailwithattachment(string to, string subject, string text, multipartfile attachment);
}

3.2 实现邮件服务

package com.example.springboot3email.service;

import jakarta.annotation.resource;
import jakarta.mail.internet.mimemessage;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.slf4j;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.value;
import org.springframework.core.io.filesystemresource;
import org.springframework.mail.simplemailmessage;
import org.springframework.mail.javamail.javamailsender;
import org.springframework.mail.javamail.mimemessagehelper;
import org.springframework.stereotype.service;
import org.springframework.web.multipart.multipartfile;

import java.io.file;

/**
 * @author coderjia
 * @create 2024/11/21 10:23
 * @description
 **/
@service
@slf4j
public class emailserviceimpl implements iemailservice {

    @resource
    private javamailsender mailsender;

    @value("${spring.mail.username}")
    private string from;

    /**
     * 发送简单文本邮件
     *
     * @param to
     * @param subject
     * @param text
     */
    @override
    public void sendsimpleemail(string to, string subject, string text) {
        try {
            simplemailmessage message = new simplemailmessage();
            message.setfrom(from);
            message.setto(to);
            message.setsubject(subject);
            message.settext(text);

            mailsender.send(message);
            log.info("simple email sent successfully to: {}", to);
        } catch (exception e) {
            log.error("failed to send simple email", e);
            throw new runtimeexception("failed to send email", e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * 发送html格式的邮件
     *
     * @param to
     * @param subject
     * @param htmlcontent
     */
    @override
    public void sendhtmlemail(string to, string subject, string htmlcontent) {
        try {
            mimemessage message = mailsender.createmimemessage();
            mimemessagehelper helper = new mimemessagehelper(message, true, "utf-8");

            helper.setfrom(from);
            helper.setto(to);
            helper.setsubject(subject);
            helper.settext(htmlcontent, true);

            mailsender.send(message);
            log.info("html email sent successfully to: {}", to);
        } catch (exception e) {
            log.error("failed to send html email", e);
            throw new runtimeexception("failed to send email", e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * 发送带附件的邮件
     *
     * @param to
     * @param subject
     * @param text
     * @param attachment
     */
    @override
    public void sendemailwithattachment(string to, string subject, string text, multipartfile attachment) {
        try {
            mimemessage message = mailsender.createmimemessage();
            mimemessagehelper helper = new mimemessagehelper(message, true, "utf-8");

            helper.setfrom(from);
            helper.setto(to);
            helper.setsubject(subject);
            helper.settext(text);

            // 创建临时文件
            file tempfile = file.createtempfile("upload_", attachment.getoriginalfilename());
            attachment.transferto(tempfile);

            // 使用 filesystemresource 包装临时文件
            filesystemresource file = new filesystemresource(tempfile);
            helper.addattachment(attachment.getoriginalfilename(), file);

            mailsender.send(message);
            log.info("email with attachment sent successfully to: {}", to);

            // 删除临时文件
            tempfile.delete();
        } catch (exception e) {
            log.error("failed to send email with attachment", e);
            throw new runtimeexception("failed to send email", e);
        }
    }
}

3.3 创建邮件模板

在 resources/templates目录下创建html模板 emailtemplate.html（使用thymeleaf）：

<!doctype html>
<html xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
    <title>email template</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>welcome, <span th:text="${name}">user</span>!</h1>
    <p>this is a sample email template using thymeleaf.</p>
    <p>your verification code is: <strong th:text="$[code]">123456</strong></p>
</body>
</html>

3.4 使用模板发送邮件

@service
public class templateemailservice {
  
    @autowired
    private emailservice emailservice;
  
    @autowired
    private templateengine templateengine;
  
    public void sendtemplateemail(string to, string subject, string templatename, map<string, object> variables) {
        context context = new context();
        variables.foreach(context::setvariable);
      
        string htmlcontent = templateengine.process(templatename, context);
        emailservice.sendhtmlemail(to, subject, htmlcontent);
    }
}

4. 最佳实践建议

4.1 异步发送

为避免邮件发送影响主业务流程，建议使用异步方式发送邮件：

@configuration
@enableasync
public class asyncconfig implements asyncconfigurer {
  
    @override
    public executor getasyncexecutor() {
        threadpooltaskexecutor executor = new threadpooltaskexecutor();
        executor.setcorepoolsize(5);
        executor.setmaxpoolsize(10);
        executor.setqueuecapacity(25);
        executor.setthreadnameprefix("emailasync-");
        executor.initialize();
        return executor;
    }
}

@service
public class asyncemailservice {
  
    @async
    public completablefuture<void> sendemailasync(string to, string subject, string content) {
        // 邮件发送逻辑

        return completablefuture.completedfuture(null);
    }
}

4.2 重试机制

实现邮件发送重试机制：

@service
public class retryableemailservice {
  
    @retryable(value = {messagingexception.class}, 
               maxattempts = 3,
               backoff = @backoff(delay = 1000))
    public void sendemailwithretry(string to, string subject, string content) {
        // 邮件发送逻辑
    }
  
    @recover
    public void recover(messagingexception e, string to) {
        // 处理最终失败的情况
        log.error("failed to send email after retries", e);
    }
}

4.3 邮件发送限流

使用令牌桶算法实现邮件发送限流：

@service
public class ratelimitedemailservice {
  
    private final ratelimiter ratelimiter = ratelimiter.create(10.0); // 每秒10封邮件
  
    public void sendemailwithratelimit(string to, string subject, string content) {
        if (ratelimiter.tryacquire()) {
            // 发送邮件
        } else {
            throw new runtimeexception("rate limit exceeded");
        }
    }
}

4.4 邮件发送记录

记录邮件发送历史：

@entity
@table(name = "email_log")
public class emaillog {
    @id
    @generatedvalue(strategy = generationtype.identity)
    private long id;
  
    private string to;
    private string subject;
    private localdatetime sendtime;
    private emailstatus status;
    private string errormessage;
  
    // getters and setters
}

5. 安全性建议

  • 不要在代码中硬编码邮件服务器凭证
  • 使用环境变量或配置中心存储敏感信息
  • 实现邮件发送频率限制，防止滥用
  • 记录邮件发送日志，便于问题排查
  • 使用tls/ssl加密传输
  • 定期轮换邮件服务器密码

6. 测试示例

package com.example.springboot3email.controller;

import com.example.springboot3email.service.iemailservice;
import com.example.springboot3email.service.templateemailservice;
import jakarta.annotation.resource;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.slf4j;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.postmapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.requestparam;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.restcontroller;
import org.springframework.web.multipart.multipartfile;

import java.util.hashmap;
import java.util.map;

/**
 * @author coderjia
 * @create 2024/11/21 10:32
 * @description
 **/
@slf4j
@restcontroller
public class emailcontroller {
    @resource
    private iemailservice emailservice;

    @resource
    private templateemailservice templateemailservice;


    // 发送简单文本邮件接口
    @postmapping("/sendsimpleemail")
    public string sendsimpleemail(@requestparam("to") string to,
                                  @requestparam("subject") string subject,
                                  @requestparam("text") string text) {
        emailservice.sendsimpleemail(to, subject, text);
        return "success";
    }

    // 发送html邮件接口
    @postmapping("/sendhtmlemail")
    public string sendhtmlemail(@requestparam("to") string to,
                                @requestparam("subject") string subject,
                                @requestparam("htmlcontent") string htmlcontent) {
        emailservice.sendhtmlemail(to, subject, htmlcontent);
        return "success";
    }

    // 发送带附件的邮件接口
    @postmapping("/sendemailwithattachment")
    public string sendemailwithattachment(@requestparam("to") string to,
                                          @requestparam("subject") string subject,
                                          @requestparam("text") string text,
                                          @requestparam("attachment") multipartfile attachment) {
        emailservice.sendemailwithattachment(to, subject, text, attachment);
        return "success";
    }


    // 发送模板邮件接口
    @postmapping("/sendtemplateemail")
    public string sendtemplateemail(@requestparam("to") string to,
                                    @requestparam("subject") string subject,
                                    @requestparam("templatename") string templatename) {
        map<string, object> variables = new hashmap<>();
        variables.put("name", "coderjia");
        variables.put("code", 12530);
        templateemailservice.sendtemplateemail(to, subject, templatename, variables);
        return "success";
    }
}

发送效果

普通邮件

html邮件

带附件邮件

模板邮件

7. 常见问题解决

7.1 连接超时

spring:
  mail:
    properties:
      mail:
        smtp:
          connectiontimeout: 5000
          timeout: 5000
          writetimeout: 5000

7.2 ssl证书问题

spring:
  mail:
    properties:
      mail:
        smtp:
          ssl:
            trust: "*"

7.3 中文乱码

helper.setfrom(new internetaddress(from, "发件人名称", "utf-8"));

8. 总结

本文详细介绍了在springboot 3中实现邮件发送功能的完整解决方案，包括基本配置、代码实现、最佳实践、安全建议等内容。通过采用异步发送、重试机制、限流等最佳实践，可以构建一个健壮的邮件发送系统。在实际应用中，要根据具体需求选择合适的实现方式，同时注意安全性和性能的平衡。

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