Python获取网页时报HTTP 403错误(禁止访问)的解决办法

问题背景

最近在看《python网络爬虫权威指南》第2版 第3章编写网络爬虫的一个示例程序：获取维基百科的页面并提取页面中链接的时候，出现了httperror: http error 403: forbidden的报错。

示例代码如下：

from urllib.request import urlopen
from bs4 import beautifulsoup

html = urlopen('https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon')
bs = beautifulsoup(html, 'html.parser')
for link in bs.find_all('a'):
    if 'href' in link.attrs:
        print(link['href'])

上述代码很简单，通过获取kevin bacon的维基百科网页链接，打印相关href链接。但是执行的这段代码的时候确报错了：

python-scraping-demo-john john$ python getlinksfromwikipedia.py
traceback (most recent call last):
  file "/users/chufengc ao/workspace/pythonprojects/python-scraping-demo-ccf/getlinksfromwiki.py", line 4, in <module>
    html = urlopen('https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon')
  file "/library/frameworks/python.framework/versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py", line 189, in urlopen
    return opener.open(url, data, timeout)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  file "/library/frameworks/python.framework/versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py", line 495, in open
    response = meth(req, response)
  file "/library/frameworks/python.framework/versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py", line 604, in http_response
    response = self.parent.error(
        'http', request, response, code, msg, hdrs)
  file "/library/frameworks/python.framework/versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py", line 533, in error
    return self._call_chain(*args)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^
  file "/library/frameworks/python.framework/versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py", line 466, in _call_chain
    result = func(*args)
  file "/library/frameworks/python.framework/versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py", line 613, in http_error_default
    raise httperror(req.full_url, code, msg, hdrs, fp)
urllib.error.httperror: http error 403: forbidden

获取网页时报http 403错误（禁止访问）的解决办法

这个问题是由于wikipedia的服务器检测到你的请求是由脚本发出的，而不是由浏览器发出的，因此返回了http 403错误（禁止访问）。为了绕过这个问题，你可以通过设置http请求头中的user-agent字段来伪装成浏览器。

以下是修改后的代码，添加了user-agent字段：

from urllib.request import urlopen, request
from bs4 import beautifulsoup

url = 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon'
headers = {'user-agent': 'mozilla/5.0 (windows nt 10.0; win64; x64) applewebkit/537.36 (khtml, like gecko) chrome/58.0.3029.110 safari/537.3'}

# 创建带有user-agent的请求
request = request(url, headers=headers)
html = urlopen(request)

bs = beautifulsoup(html, 'html.parser')
for link in bs.find_all('a'):
    if 'href' in link.attrs:
        print(link['href'])

关键点：

1.request对象：通过urllib.request.request创建一个带有自定义头部的请求。

2.user-agent伪装：将user-agent设置为常见的浏览器标识字符串（如chrome）。

3.保持其他逻辑不变：只需在请求时添加头部信息即可。

运行上述代码后，应该可以正常获取wikipedia页面的内容。

运行结果如下：

python-scraping-demo-john john$ python getlinksfromwikipedia.py 
#bodycontent
/wiki/main_page
/wiki/wikipedia:contents
/wiki/portal:current_events
/wiki/special:random
/wiki/wikipedia:about
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikipedia:contact_us
/wiki/help:contents
/wiki/help:introduction
/wiki/wikipedia:community_portal
/wiki/special:recentchanges
/wiki/wikipedia:file_upload_wizard
/wiki/special:specialpages
/wiki/main_page
/wiki/special:search
https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en
/w/index.php?title=special:createaccount&returnto=kevin+bacon
/w/index.php?title=special:userlogin&returnto=kevin+bacon
https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en
/w/index.php?title=special:createaccount&returnto=kevin+bacon
/w/index.php?title=special:userlogin&returnto=kevin+bacon
#
#early_life_and_education
#acting_career
#early_work
#1980s
#1990s
#2000s
#2010s
#other_ventures
#six_degrees_of_kevin_bacon
#personal_life
#accolades
#awards_and_nominations
#other_honors
#see_also
#references
#external_links
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%81%d9%8a%d9%86_%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%86
https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%da%a9%d9%88%db%8c%d9%86_%d8%a8%db%8c%da%a9%d9%86
https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%9a%d0%b5%d0%b2%d1%96%d0%bd_%d0%91%d1%8d%d0%b9%d0%ba%d0%b0%d0%bd
https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%9a%d0%b5%d0%b2%d0%b8%d0%bd_%d0%91%d0%b5%d0%b9%d0%ba%d1%8a%d0%bd
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ce%9a%ce%ad%ce%b2%ce%b9%ce%bd_%ce%9c%cf%80%ce%ad%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%bf%ce%bd
https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%da%a9%d9%88%db%8c%d9%86_%d8%a8%db%8c%da%a9%d9%86
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ec%bc%80%eb%b9%88_%eb%b2%a0%ec%9d%b4%ec%bb%a8
https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d5%94%d6%87%d5%ab%d5%b6_%d4%b2%d5%a5%d5%b5%d6%84%d5%b8%d5%b6
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d7%a7%d7%95%d7%95%d7%99%d7%9f_%d7%91%d7%99%d7%99%d7%a7%d7%95%d7%9f
https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%e1%83%99%e1%83%94%e1%83%95%e1%83%98%e1%83%9c_%e1%83%91%e1%83%94%e1%83%98%e1%83%99%e1%83%9d%e1%83%9c%e1%83%98
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%9a%d0%b5%d0%b2%d0%b8%d0%bd_%d0%91%d1%8d%d0%b9%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bd
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevins_beikons
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%e1%83%99%e1%83%94%e1%83%95%e1%83%98%e1%83%9c_%e1%83%91%e1%83%94%e1%83%98%e1%83%99%e1%83%9d%e1%83%9c%e1%83%98
https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%81%d9%8a%d9%86_%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%86
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%9a%d0%b5%d0%b2%d0%b8%d0%bd_%d0%91%d1%8d%d0%b9%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bd
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%e3%82%b1%e3%83%b4%e3%82%a3%e3%83%b3%e3%83%bb%e3%83%99%e3%83%bc%e3%82%b3%e3%83%b3
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%91%d0%b5%d0%b9%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bd,_%d0%9a%d0%b5%d0%b2%d0%b8%d0%bd
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%da%a9%db%8e%da%a4%d9%86_%d8%a8%db%95%db%8c%da%a9%d9%86
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%9a%d0%b5%d0%b2%d0%b8%d0%bd_%d0%91%d0%b5%d1%98%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bd
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%e0%b9%80%e0%b8%84%e0%b8%a7%e0%b8%b4%e0%b8%99_%e0%b9%80%e0%b8%9a%e0%b8%84%e0%b8%ad%e0%b8%99
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%9a%d0%b5%d0%b2%d1%96%d0%bd_%d0%91%d0%b5%d0%b9%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bd
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%e5%87%af%e6%96%87%c2%b7%e8%b4%9d%e8%82%af
https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%e5%a5%87%e9%9b%b2%e8%b2%9d%e6%a0%b9
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%e5%87%af%e6%96%87%c2%b7%e8%b4%9d%e8%82%af
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/special:entitypage/q3454165#sitelinks-wikipedia
/wiki/kevin_bacon
/wiki/talk:kevin_bacon
/wiki/kevin_bacon
/w/index.php?title=kevin_bacon&action=edit
/w/index.php?title=kevin_bacon&action=history
/wiki/kevin_bacon
/w/index.php?title=kevin_bacon&action=edit
/w/index.php?title=kevin_bacon&action=history
/wiki/special:whatlinkshere/kevin_bacon
/wiki/special:recentchangeslinked/kevin_bacon
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikipedia:file_upload_wizard
/w/index.php?title=kevin_bacon&oldid=1329264468
/w/index.php?title=kevin_bacon&action=info
/w/index.php?title=special:citethispage&page=kevin_bacon&id=1329264468&wpformidentifier=titleform
/w/index.php?title=special:urlshortener&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fkevin_bacon
/w/index.php?title=special:qrcode&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fkevin_bacon
/w/index.php?title=special:downloadaspdf&page=kevin_bacon&action=show-download-screen
/w/index.php?title=kevin_bacon&printable=yes
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/kevin_bacon
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/special:entitypage/q3454165
/wiki/wikipedia:protection_policy#semi
/wiki/kevin_bacon_(disambiguation)
/wiki/file:kevin_bacon_the_best_you_can-55_(cropped).jpg
/wiki/tribeca_festival
/wiki/philadelphia
/wiki/kevin_bacon_filmography
/wiki/kyra_sedgwick
/wiki/sosie_bacon
/wiki/edmund_bacon_(architect)
/wiki/michael_bacon_(composer)
http://baconbros.com
#cite_note-1
#cite_note-actor-2
/wiki/leading_man
/wiki/golden_globe_award
/wiki/screen_actors_guild_award
/wiki/national_lampoon%27s_animal_house
/wiki/diner_(1982_film)
/wiki/footloose_(1984_film)
/wiki/jfk_(film)
/wiki/a_few_good_men
/wiki/apollo_13_(film)
/wiki/mystic_river_(film)
/wiki/frost/nixon_(film)
/wiki/friday_the_13th_(1980_film)
/wiki/tremors_(1990_film)
/wiki/the_river_wild
/wiki/balto_(film)
/wiki/the_woodsman_(2004_film)
/wiki/crazy,_stupid,_love
/wiki/x-men:_first_class
/wiki/patriots_day_(film)
/wiki/losing_chase
/wiki/loverboy_(2005_film)
/wiki/golden_globe_award_for_best_actor_%e2%80%93_miniseries_or_television_film
/wiki/screen_actors_guild_award_for_outstanding_performance_by_a_male_actor_in_a_miniseries_or_television_movie
/wiki/michael_strobl
/wiki/hbo
/wiki/taking_chance
/wiki/fox_broadcasting_company
/wiki/the_following
/wiki/amazon_prime_video
/wiki/i_love_dick_(tv_series)
/wiki/showtime_(tv_network)
/wiki/city_on_a_hill_(tv_series)
#cite_note-3
/wiki/hollywood_walk_of_fame
#cite_note-4
/wiki/six_degrees_of_kevin_bacon
/wiki/ee_(telecommunications)
#cite_note-5
/wiki/kyra_sedgwick
/wiki/philadelphia
#cite_note-actor-2
/wiki/birth_name#maiden_and_married_names
#cite_note-actor-2
/wiki/edmund_bacon_(architect)
/wiki/urban_planning
/wiki/design_of_cities
#cite_note-bacon-6
/wiki/julia_r._masterman_school
/wiki/spring_garden,_philadelphia
#cite_note-7
/wiki/pennsylvania_governor%27s_school_for_the_arts
/wiki/bucknell_university
/wiki/lewisburg,_pennsylvania
#cite_note-8
/wiki/glory_van_scott
#cite_note-walk-9
#cite_note-bacon-6
/wiki/kevin_bacon_filmography
/wiki/circle_in_the_square
/wiki/nancy_mills
/wiki/cosmopolitan_(magazine)
#cite_note-cosmo91-10
/wiki/fraternities_and_sororities
/wiki/animal_house
#cite_note-bacon-6
/wiki/search_for_tomorrow
/wiki/guiding_light
/wiki/friday_the_13th_(1980_film)
#cite_note-11
/wiki/getting_out
/wiki/phoenix_theater
/wiki/flux
/wiki/second_stage_theatre
#cite_note-bio-12
/wiki/obie_award
/wiki/forty_deuce
#cite_note-kevin-13
/wiki/slab_boys
/wiki/sean_penn
/wiki/val_kilmer
/wiki/barry_levinson
/wiki/diner_(1982_film)
/wiki/steve_guttenberg
/wiki/daniel_stern_(actor)
/wiki/mickey_rourke
/wiki/tim_daly
/wiki/ellen_barkin
#cite_note-14
/wiki/footloose_(1984_film)
#cite_note-bio-12
/wiki/james_dean
/wiki/rebel_without_a_cause
/wiki/mickey_rooney
/wiki/judy_garland
#cite_note-time84-15
#cite_note-bacon-6
#cite_note-16
#cite_note-17
/wiki/typecasting_(acting)
/wiki/john_hughes_(filmmaker)
/wiki/planes,_trains_and_automobiles
#cite_note-18
/wiki/she%27s_having_a_baby
#cite_note-bio-12
/wiki/the_big_picture_(1989_film)
#cite_note-19
/wiki/tremors_(1990_film)
#cite_note-20
/wiki/joel_schumacher
/wiki/flatliners
#cite_note-bio-12
/wiki/elizabeth_perkins
/wiki/he_said,_she_said_(film)
#cite_note-bio-12
/wiki/the_new_york_times
#cite_note-nyt94-21
/wiki/oliver_stone
/wiki/jfk_(film)
#cite_note-22
/wiki/a_few_good_men_(film)
#cite_note-23
/wiki/michael_greif
#cite_note-bio-12
/wiki/golden_globe_award
/wiki/the_river_wild
#cite_note-bio-12
/wiki/meryl_streep
/wiki/murder_in_the_first_(film)
#cite_note-bio-12
/wiki/blockbuster_(entertainment)
/wiki/apollo_13_(film)
#cite_note-24
/wiki/sleepers_(film)
#cite_note-25
/wiki/picture_perfect_(1997_film)
#cite_note-bio-12
/wiki/losing_chase
#cite_note-austin-26
/wiki/digging_to_china
#cite_note-bio-12
/wiki/payola
/wiki/telling_lies_in_america_(film)
#cite_note-bio-12
/wiki/wild_things_(film)
/wiki/stir_of_echoes
/wiki/david_koepp
#cite_note-27
/wiki/file:kevin_bacon_cannes_2004.jpg
/wiki/cannes_film_festival
/wiki/paul_verhoeven
/wiki/hollow_man
#cite_note-28
/wiki/colin_firth
/wiki/rachel_blanchard
/wiki/m%c3%a9nage_%c3%a0_trois
/wiki/where_the_truth_lies
#cite_note-29
/wiki/atom_egoyan
/wiki/mpaa
/wiki/mpaa_film_rating_system
#cite_note-30
/wiki/my_dog_skip_(film)
#cite_note-31
/wiki/sean_penn
/wiki/tim_robbins
/wiki/clint_eastwood
/wiki/mystic_river_(film)
/wiki/the_woodsman_(2004_film)
#cite_note-32
/wiki/beauty_shop
/wiki/queen_latifah
/wiki/hbo_films
/wiki/taking_chance
/wiki/michael_strobl
/wiki/desert_storm
#cite_note-33
/wiki/screen_actors_guild_award_for_outstanding_performance_by_a_male_actor_in_a_miniseries_or_television_movie
/wiki/file:black_mass_pc_05_(21267276740).jpg
/wiki/toronto_film_festival
/wiki/matthew_vaughn
/wiki/x-men:_first_class
/wiki/sebastian_shaw_(character)
#cite_note-34
#cite_note-35
/wiki/crazy,_stupid,_love
/wiki/dustin_lance_black
/wiki/8_(play)
/wiki/perry_v._brown
/wiki/proposition_8
/wiki/charles_j._cooper
#cite_note-8_the_play-36
/wiki/wilshire_ebell_theatre
/wiki/american_foundation_for_equal_rights
#cite_note-8_play_video-37
#cite_note-38
/wiki/the_following
#cite_note-39
/wiki/saturn_award_for_best_actor_on_television
#cite_note-40
/wiki/black_mass_(film)
/wiki/johnny_depp
/wiki/huffington_post
/wiki/tremors_(1990_film)
#cite_note-41
/wiki/tremors_5:_bloodline
/wiki/patriots_day_(film)
/wiki/boston_marathon_bombing
/wiki/the_bacon_brothers
/wiki/michael_bacon_(musician)
#cite_note-42
/wiki/instagram
#cite_note-43
/wiki/old_97%27s
/wiki/the_guardians_of_the_galaxy_holiday_special
#cite_note-44
/wiki/ee_(telecommunications)
#cite_note-45
#cite_note-46
#cite_note-47
/wiki/six_degrees_of_kevin_bacon
/wiki/file:kevin_bacon_2_sdcc_2014.jpg
/wiki/trivia
/wiki/big_screen
/wiki/six_degrees_of_separation
/wiki/internet_meme
/wiki/sixdegrees.org
/wiki/social_networking_service
#cite_note-48
/wiki/six_degrees_of_kevin_bacon
/wiki/imdb
#cite_note-49
/wiki/paul_erd%c5%91s
/wiki/erd%c5%91s_number
/wiki/paul_erd%c5%91s
/wiki/erd%c5%91s_number
/wiki/erd%c5%91s%e2%80%93bacon_number
#cite_note-50
/wiki/file:kyra_sedgwick_and_kevin_bacon_the_best_you_can-28_(cropped).jpg
/wiki/kyra_sedgwick
/wiki/pbs
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#cite_note-cosmo91-10
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#cite_note-financialpost-57
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/wiki/apollo_13_(film)
#cite_note-63
/wiki/mystic_river_(film)
/wiki/blockbuster_entertainment_awards
/wiki/blockbuster_entertainment_awards
#cite_note-64
/wiki/hollow_man
/wiki/boston_society_of_film_critics
/wiki/boston_society_of_film_critics_award_for_best_cast
#cite_note-65
/wiki/mystic_river_(film)
/wiki/bravo_otto
/wiki/bravo_otto
/wiki/footloose_(1984_film)
/wiki/cableace_award
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/wiki/losing_chase
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/wiki/the_woodsman_(2004_film)
/wiki/critics%27_choice_movie_awards
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/wiki/ghent_international_film_festival
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