引言
在企业级应用开发中,数据审计是一项至关重要的功能。所谓数据审计,是指对数据的创建、修改等操作进行跟踪记录,以便于后续的数据分析、问题追踪和安全审核。spring data jpa提供了强大的审计功能,通过简单的注解配置,即可实现对实体创建时间、最后修改时间、创建人和修改人的自动记录。本文将深入探讨spring data jpa的审计功能,重点介绍@createddate与@lastmodifieddate注解的实现原理及使用方法,帮助开发者构建健壮的数据审计系统。
一、spring data jpa审计功能概述
spring data jpa的审计功能是通过实体生命周期事件和aop切面实现的。它可以在实体被持久化和更新时,自动填充审计字段,从而避免了手动设置这些值的繁琐工作。
1.1 核心审计注解
spring data jpa提供了四个核心的审计注解:
@createddate
:标记实体创建时间字段@lastmodifieddate
:标记实体最后修改时间字段@createdby
:标记实体创建者字段@lastmodifiedby
:标记实体最后修改者字段
这些注解都位于org.springframework.data.annotation
包中,是spring data通用的审计注解,不仅限于jpa使用。
1.2 审计功能的工作原理
spring data jpa的审计功能主要通过以下几个组件协同工作:
auditingentitylistener
:jpa实体监听器,负责捕获实体的生命周期事件auditinghandler
:处理审计信息的填充逻辑datetimeprovider
:提供当前时间的接口auditoraware
:提供当前用户信息的接口
当启用审计功能后,每当实体被创建或更新,auditingentitylistener
会捕获相应的事件,并调用auditinghandler
对标记了审计注解的字段进行填充。
二、基础配置
要使用spring data jpa的审计功能,首先需要进行必要的配置。
2.1 启用jpa审计功能
在spring boot应用中,通过@enablejpaauditing
注解启用jpa审计功能:
package com.example.config; import org.springframework.context.annotation.configuration; import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.config.enablejpaauditing; /** * jpa审计功能配置类 */ @configuration @enablejpaauditing // 启用jpa审计功能 public class jpaauditingconfig { // 可以在这里配置审计相关的bean }
2.2 创建审计基类
通常,我们会创建一个包含审计字段的基类,让需要审计的实体继承这个基类:
package com.example.entity; import org.springframework.data.annotation.createddate; import org.springframework.data.annotation.lastmodifieddate; import org.springframework.data.jpa.domain.support.auditingentitylistener; import javax.persistence.column; import javax.persistence.entitylisteners; import javax.persistence.mappedsuperclass; import java.time.localdatetime; /** * 包含审计字段的基础实体类 */ @mappedsuperclass @entitylisteners(auditingentitylistener.class) // 注册实体监听器 public abstract class auditableentity { @createddate @column(name = "created_date", updatable = false) private localdatetime createddate; @lastmodifieddate @column(name = "last_modified_date") private localdatetime lastmodifieddate; // getter和setter方法 public localdatetime getcreateddate() { return createddate; } public void setcreateddate(localdatetime createddate) { this.createddate = createddate; } public localdatetime getlastmodifieddate() { return lastmodifieddate; } public void setlastmodifieddate(localdatetime lastmodifieddate) { this.lastmodifieddate = lastmodifieddate; } }
在上面的代码中:
@mappedsuperclass
注解表明这是一个映射超类,其字段将被映射到子类的表中@entitylisteners(auditingentitylistener.class)
注册了jpa实体监听器,用于捕获实体的生命周期事件@createddate
标记了实体创建时间字段@lastmodifieddate
标记了实体最后修改时间字段updatable = false
确保createddate
字段在更新时不会被修改
三、实现时间审计
时间审计是最基本的审计功能,涉及到@createddate
和@lastmodifieddate
注解的使用。
3.1 使用审计基类
创建业务实体类并继承审计基类:
package com.example.entity; import javax.persistence.*; import java.math.bigdecimal; /** * 产品实体类 */ @entity @table(name = "tb_product") public class product extends auditableentity { @id @generatedvalue(strategy = generationtype.identity) private long id; @column(name = "name", nullable = false) private string name; @column(name = "description") private string description; @column(name = "price", precision = 10, scale = 2) private bigdecimal price; @column(name = "stock") private integer stock; // getter和setter方法省略 }
继承auditableentity
后,product
实体将自动拥有createddate
和lastmodifieddate
字段,这些字段会在实体创建和更新时自动填充。
3.2 不使用基类的审计实现
如果因为某些原因不想使用继承,也可以直接在实体类中使用审计注解:
package com.example.entity; import org.springframework.data.annotation.createddate; import org.springframework.data.annotation.lastmodifieddate; import org.springframework.data.jpa.domain.support.auditingentitylistener; import javax.persistence.*; import java.time.localdatetime; /** * 订单实体类 */ @entity @table(name = "tb_order") @entitylisteners(auditingentitylistener.class) // 直接在实体类上注册监听器 public class order { @id @generatedvalue(strategy = generationtype.identity) private long id; @column(name = "order_number", nullable = false, unique = true) private string ordernumber; @column(name = "customer_id") private long customerid; @column(name = "total_amount", precision = 10, scale = 2) private bigdecimal totalamount; @column(name = "status") private string status; @createddate @column(name = "created_date", updatable = false) private localdatetime createddate; @lastmodifieddate @column(name = "last_modified_date") private localdatetime lastmodifieddate; // getter和setter方法省略 }
3.3 自定义日期时间提供者
如果需要自定义日期时间的提供方式,可以实现datetimeprovider
接口:
package com.example.audit; import org.springframework.data.auditing.datetimeprovider; import org.springframework.stereotype.component; import java.time.localdatetime; import java.time.zoneid; import java.time.temporal.temporalaccessor; import java.util.optional; /** * 自定义日期时间提供者 */ @component public class customdatetimeprovider implements datetimeprovider { @override public optional<temporalaccessor> getnow() { // 使用特定时区的当前时间 return optional.of(localdatetime.now(zoneid.of("asia/shanghai"))); } }
然后在配置类中注册这个提供者:
package com.example.config; import com.example.audit.customdatetimeprovider; import org.springframework.context.annotation.bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.configuration; import org.springframework.data.auditing.datetimeprovider; import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.config.enablejpaauditing; /** * jpa审计功能配置类 */ @configuration @enablejpaauditing(datetimeproviderref = "datetimeprovider") // 指定日期时间提供者 public class jpaauditingconfig { @bean public datetimeprovider datetimeprovider() { return new customdatetimeprovider(); } }
四、实现用户审计
除了时间审计,还可以实现用户审计,即记录创建和修改实体的用户。
4.1 扩展审计基类
扩展审计基类,添加用户审计字段:
package com.example.entity; import org.springframework.data.annotation.createdby; import org.springframework.data.annotation.createddate; import org.springframework.data.annotation.lastmodifiedby; import org.springframework.data.annotation.lastmodifieddate; import org.springframework.data.jpa.domain.support.auditingentitylistener; import javax.persistence.column; import javax.persistence.entitylisteners; import javax.persistence.mappedsuperclass; import java.time.localdatetime; /** * 包含完整审计字段的基础实体类 */ @mappedsuperclass @entitylisteners(auditingentitylistener.class) public abstract class fullauditableentity { @createddate @column(name = "created_date", updatable = false) private localdatetime createddate; @lastmodifieddate @column(name = "last_modified_date") private localdatetime lastmodifieddate; @createdby @column(name = "created_by", updatable = false) private string createdby; @lastmodifiedby @column(name = "last_modified_by") private string lastmodifiedby; // getter和setter方法省略 }
4.2 实现auditoraware接口
要使用@createdby
和@lastmodifiedby
注解,需要实现auditoraware
接口,提供当前用户信息:
package com.example.audit; import org.springframework.data.domain.auditoraware; import org.springframework.security.core.authentication; import org.springframework.security.core.context.securitycontextholder; import org.springframework.stereotype.component; import java.util.optional; /** * 当前用户提供者 */ @component public class springsecurityauditoraware implements auditoraware<string> { @override public optional<string> getcurrentauditor() { // 从spring security上下文中获取当前用户 authentication authentication = securitycontextholder.getcontext().getauthentication(); if (authentication == null || !authentication.isauthenticated()) { return optional.of("anonymoususer"); } return optional.of(authentication.getname()); } }
然后在配置类中注册这个提供者:
package com.example.config; import com.example.audit.customdatetimeprovider; import com.example.audit.springsecurityauditoraware; import org.springframework.context.annotation.bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.configuration; import org.springframework.data.auditing.datetimeprovider; import org.springframework.data.domain.auditoraware; import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.config.enablejpaauditing; /** * jpa审计功能配置类 */ @configuration @enablejpaauditing( datetimeproviderref = "datetimeprovider", auditorawareref = "auditoraware" // 指定用户提供者 ) public class jpaauditingconfig { @bean public datetimeprovider datetimeprovider() { return new customdatetimeprovider(); } @bean public auditoraware<string> auditoraware() { return new springsecurityauditoraware(); } }
4.3 使用完整审计实体
创建业务实体并继承完整审计基类:
package com.example.entity; import javax.persistence.*; import java.math.bigdecimal; /** * 订单实体类 */ @entity @table(name = "tb_order") public class order extends fullauditableentity { @id @generatedvalue(strategy = generationtype.identity) private long id; @column(name = "order_number", nullable = false, unique = true) private string ordernumber; @column(name = "customer_id") private long customerid; @column(name = "total_amount", precision = 10, scale = 2) private bigdecimal totalamount; @column(name = "status") private string status; // getter和setter方法省略 }
五、实际应用场景
spring data jpa的审计功能在实际开发中有广泛的应用场景。
5.1 数据版本控制
结合版本控制字段,实现乐观锁和数据版本追踪:
package com.example.entity; import javax.persistence.*; import org.springframework.data.annotation.createddate; import org.springframework.data.annotation.lastmodifieddate; import org.springframework.data.jpa.domain.support.auditingentitylistener; import java.time.localdatetime; /** * 文档实体类 */ @entity @table(name = "tb_document") @entitylisteners(auditingentitylistener.class) public class document { @id @generatedvalue(strategy = generationtype.identity) private long id; @column(name = "title") private string title; @column(name = "content", columndefinition = "text") private string content; @version // 版本控制字段 @column(name = "version") private long version; @createddate @column(name = "created_date", updatable = false) private localdatetime createddate; @lastmodifieddate @column(name = "last_modified_date") private localdatetime lastmodifieddate; // getter和setter方法省略 }
5.2 审计日志记录
利用实体监听器,实现更详细的审计日志记录:
package com.example.listener; import com.example.entity.auditlog; import com.example.entity.product; import com.example.repository.auditlogrepository; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.component; import javax.persistence.postpersist; import javax.persistence.postupdate; import javax.persistence.prepersist; import javax.persistence.preupdate; import java.time.localdatetime; /** * 产品审计监听器 */ @component public class productauditlistener { @autowired private auditlogrepository auditlogrepository; private static final threadlocal<product> originalstate = new threadlocal<>(); @prepersist public void prepersist(product product) { // 新建产品前的操作 } @postpersist public void postpersist(product product) { // 记录产品创建日志 auditlog log = new auditlog(); log.setentitytype("product"); log.setentityid(product.getid().tostring()); log.setaction("create"); log.settimestamp(localdatetime.now()); log.setdetails("created product: " + product.getname()); auditlogrepository.save(log); } @preupdate public void preupdate(product product) { // 保存产品原始状态 product original = new product(); // 复制product的属性到original originalstate.set(original); } @postupdate public void postupdate(product product) { // 获取原始状态 product original = originalstate.get(); // 记录产品更新日志 auditlog log = new auditlog(); log.setentitytype("product"); log.setentityid(product.getid().tostring()); log.setaction("update"); log.settimestamp(localdatetime.now()); // 构建变更信息 stringbuilder changes = new stringbuilder(); if (!product.getname().equals(original.getname())) { changes.append("name changed from '") .append(original.getname()) .append("' to '") .append(product.getname()) .append("'. "); } // 其他字段变更检查... log.setdetails(changes.tostring()); auditlogrepository.save(log); // 清理threadlocal originalstate.remove(); } }
要启用这个监听器,需要在product实体上注册:
@entity @table(name = "tb_product") @entitylisteners({auditingentitylistener.class, productauditlistener.class}) public class product extends auditableentity { // 实体内容 }
5.3 多租户审计
在多租户系统中,结合审计功能实现租户数据隔离:
package com.example.entity; import org.springframework.data.annotation.createdby; import org.springframework.data.annotation.createddate; import org.springframework.data.annotation.lastmodifiedby; import org.springframework.data.annotation.lastmodifieddate; import org.springframework.data.jpa.domain.support.auditingentitylistener; import javax.persistence.column; import javax.persistence.entitylisteners; import javax.persistence.mappedsuperclass; import java.time.localdatetime; /** * 多租户审计基类 */ @mappedsuperclass @entitylisteners(auditingentitylistener.class) public abstract class tenantauditableentity { @column(name = "tenant_id", nullable = false, updatable = false) private string tenantid; @createddate @column(name = "created_date", updatable = false) private localdatetime createddate; @lastmodifieddate @column(name = "last_modified_date") private localdatetime lastmodifieddate; @createdby @column(name = "created_by", updatable = false) private string createdby; @lastmodifiedby @column(name = "last_modified_by") private string lastmodifiedby; // getter和setter方法省略 }
使用多租户审计实体:
package com.example.entity; import javax.persistence.*; /** * 客户实体类 */ @entity @table(name = "tb_customer") public class customer extends tenantauditableentity { @id @generatedvalue(strategy = generationtype.identity) private long id; @column(name = "name") private string name; @column(name = "email") private string email; @column(name = "phone") private string phone; // getter和setter方法省略 }
六、高级技巧
spring data jpa审计功能还有一些高级用法,可以满足更复杂的审计需求。
6.1 条件审计
有时候我们只希望在特定条件下进行审计。可以通过自定义实体监听器实现:
package com.example.listener; import com.example.entity.user; import org.springframework.data.annotation.createddate; import org.springframework.data.annotation.lastmodifieddate; import javax.persistence.prepersist; import javax.persistence.preupdate; import java.lang.reflect.field; import java.time.localdatetime; /** * 条件审计监听器 */ public class conditionalauditlistener { @prepersist public void touchforcreate(object target) { // 只对激活状态的用户进行审计 if (target instanceof user) { user user = (user) target; if (user.isactive()) { setcreateddate(user); } } } @preupdate public void touchforupdate(object target) { // 只对激活状态的用户进行审计 if (target instanceof user) { user user = (user) target; if (user.isactive()) { setlastmodifieddate(user); } } } private void setcreateddate(object target) { setfieldvalue(target, createddate.class, localdatetime.now()); } private void setlastmodifieddate(object target) { setfieldvalue(target, lastmodifieddate.class, localdatetime.now()); } private void setfieldvalue(object target, class annotation, object value) { try { for (field field : target.getclass().getdeclaredfields()) { if (field.isannotationpresent(annotation)) { field.setaccessible(true); field.set(target, value); } } } catch (illegalaccessexception e) { throw new runtimeexception("failed to set auditing field", e); } } }
6.2 自定义审计注解
可以创建自定义审计注解,实现更灵活的审计逻辑:
package com.example.annotation; import java.lang.annotation.elementtype; import java.lang.annotation.retention; import java.lang.annotation.retentionpolicy; import java.lang.annotation.target; /** * 自定义审计注解:记录字段的历史值 */ @retention(retentionpolicy.runtime) @target(elementtype.field) public @interface trackchanges { string value() default ""; }
然后实现对应的监听器处理这个注解:
package com.example.listener; import com.example.annotation.trackchanges; import com.example.entity.fieldchangelog; import com.example.repository.fieldchangelogrepository; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.autowired; import javax.persistence.preupdate; import java.lang.reflect.field; import java.time.localdatetime; import java.util.objects; /** * 字段变更跟踪监听器 */ public class fieldchangetrackinglistener { @autowired private fieldchangelogrepository changelogrepository; @preupdate public void preupdate(object entity) { try { // 获取实体id long entityid = getentityid(entity); string entitytype = entity.getclass().getsimplename(); // 查找标记了@trackchanges的字段 for (field field : entity.getclass().getdeclaredfields()) { trackchanges annotation = field.getannotation(trackchanges.class); if (annotation != null) { field.setaccessible(true); // 获取字段新值 object newvalue = field.get(entity); // 从数据库获取原始实体和字段旧值 object originalentity = loadoriginalentity(entityid, entity.getclass()); field.setaccessible(true); object oldvalue = field.get(originalentity); // 如果值发生变化,记录日志 if (!objects.equals(oldvalue, newvalue)) { fieldchangelog changelog = new fieldchangelog(); changelog.setentitytype(entitytype); changelog.setentityid(entityid); changelog.setfieldname(field.getname()); changelog.setoldvalue(oldvalue != null ? oldvalue.tostring() : null); changelog.setnewvalue(newvalue != null ? newvalue.tostring() : null); changelog.setchangedat(localdatetime.now()); changelogrepository.save(changelog); } } } } catch (exception e) { throw new runtimeexception("failed to track field changes", e); } } private long getentityid(object entity) throws exception { // 获取实体id的逻辑 // ... return null; } private object loadoriginalentity(long entityid, class<?> entityclass) { // 从数据库加载原始实体的逻辑 // ... return null; } }
总结
spring data jpa的审计功能提供了一种强大而灵活的机制,用于自动跟踪实体的创建和修改信息。通过使用@createddate和@lastmodifieddate注解,开发者可以轻松地实现时间审计;结合@createdby和@lastmodifiedby注解以及auditoraware接口,还可以实现用户审计。这些功能大大简化了审计系统的开发工作,使开发者能够专注于业务逻辑的实现。
在实际应用中,审计功能可以与版本控制、详细日志记录和多租户系统等场景结合,满足不同的业务需求。通过自定义实体监听器和审计注解,还可以实现更加复杂和灵活的审计逻辑。总之,spring data jpa的审计功能是构建健壮企业级应用的重要组成部分,对于提高系统的可追溯性和安全性具有重要意义。
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