引言
在企业级应用开发中,数据审计是一项至关重要的功能。所谓数据审计,是指对数据的创建、修改等操作进行跟踪记录,以便于后续的数据分析、问题追踪和安全审核。spring data jpa提供了强大的审计功能,通过简单的注解配置,即可实现对实体创建时间、最后修改时间、创建人和修改人的自动记录。本文将深入探讨spring data jpa的审计功能,重点介绍@createddate与@lastmodifieddate注解的实现原理及使用方法,帮助开发者构建健壮的数据审计系统。
一、spring data jpa审计功能概述
spring data jpa的审计功能是通过实体生命周期事件和aop切面实现的。它可以在实体被持久化和更新时,自动填充审计字段,从而避免了手动设置这些值的繁琐工作。
1.1 核心审计注解
spring data jpa提供了四个核心的审计注解:
@createddate:标记实体创建时间字段@lastmodifieddate:标记实体最后修改时间字段@createdby:标记实体创建者字段@lastmodifiedby:标记实体最后修改者字段
这些注解都位于org.springframework.data.annotation包中,是spring data通用的审计注解,不仅限于jpa使用。
1.2 审计功能的工作原理
spring data jpa的审计功能主要通过以下几个组件协同工作:
auditingentitylistener:jpa实体监听器,负责捕获实体的生命周期事件auditinghandler:处理审计信息的填充逻辑datetimeprovider:提供当前时间的接口auditoraware:提供当前用户信息的接口
当启用审计功能后,每当实体被创建或更新,auditingentitylistener会捕获相应的事件,并调用auditinghandler对标记了审计注解的字段进行填充。
二、基础配置
要使用spring data jpa的审计功能,首先需要进行必要的配置。
2.1 启用jpa审计功能
在spring boot应用中,通过@enablejpaauditing注解启用jpa审计功能:
package com.example.config;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.configuration;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.config.enablejpaauditing;
/**
* jpa审计功能配置类
*/
@configuration
@enablejpaauditing // 启用jpa审计功能
public class jpaauditingconfig {
// 可以在这里配置审计相关的bean
}
2.2 创建审计基类
通常,我们会创建一个包含审计字段的基类,让需要审计的实体继承这个基类:
package com.example.entity;
import org.springframework.data.annotation.createddate;
import org.springframework.data.annotation.lastmodifieddate;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.domain.support.auditingentitylistener;
import javax.persistence.column;
import javax.persistence.entitylisteners;
import javax.persistence.mappedsuperclass;
import java.time.localdatetime;
/**
* 包含审计字段的基础实体类
*/
@mappedsuperclass
@entitylisteners(auditingentitylistener.class) // 注册实体监听器
public abstract class auditableentity {
@createddate
@column(name = "created_date", updatable = false)
private localdatetime createddate;
@lastmodifieddate
@column(name = "last_modified_date")
private localdatetime lastmodifieddate;
// getter和setter方法
public localdatetime getcreateddate() {
return createddate;
}
public void setcreateddate(localdatetime createddate) {
this.createddate = createddate;
}
public localdatetime getlastmodifieddate() {
return lastmodifieddate;
}
public void setlastmodifieddate(localdatetime lastmodifieddate) {
this.lastmodifieddate = lastmodifieddate;
}
}
在上面的代码中:
@mappedsuperclass注解表明这是一个映射超类,其字段将被映射到子类的表中@entitylisteners(auditingentitylistener.class)注册了jpa实体监听器,用于捕获实体的生命周期事件@createddate标记了实体创建时间字段@lastmodifieddate标记了实体最后修改时间字段updatable = false确保createddate字段在更新时不会被修改
三、实现时间审计
时间审计是最基本的审计功能,涉及到@createddate和@lastmodifieddate注解的使用。
3.1 使用审计基类
创建业务实体类并继承审计基类:
package com.example.entity;
import javax.persistence.*;
import java.math.bigdecimal;
/**
* 产品实体类
*/
@entity
@table(name = "tb_product")
public class product extends auditableentity {
@id
@generatedvalue(strategy = generationtype.identity)
private long id;
@column(name = "name", nullable = false)
private string name;
@column(name = "description")
private string description;
@column(name = "price", precision = 10, scale = 2)
private bigdecimal price;
@column(name = "stock")
private integer stock;
// getter和setter方法省略
}
继承auditableentity后,product实体将自动拥有createddate和lastmodifieddate字段,这些字段会在实体创建和更新时自动填充。
3.2 不使用基类的审计实现
如果因为某些原因不想使用继承,也可以直接在实体类中使用审计注解:
package com.example.entity;
import org.springframework.data.annotation.createddate;
import org.springframework.data.annotation.lastmodifieddate;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.domain.support.auditingentitylistener;
import javax.persistence.*;
import java.time.localdatetime;
/**
* 订单实体类
*/
@entity
@table(name = "tb_order")
@entitylisteners(auditingentitylistener.class) // 直接在实体类上注册监听器
public class order {
@id
@generatedvalue(strategy = generationtype.identity)
private long id;
@column(name = "order_number", nullable = false, unique = true)
private string ordernumber;
@column(name = "customer_id")
private long customerid;
@column(name = "total_amount", precision = 10, scale = 2)
private bigdecimal totalamount;
@column(name = "status")
private string status;
@createddate
@column(name = "created_date", updatable = false)
private localdatetime createddate;
@lastmodifieddate
@column(name = "last_modified_date")
private localdatetime lastmodifieddate;
// getter和setter方法省略
}
3.3 自定义日期时间提供者
如果需要自定义日期时间的提供方式,可以实现datetimeprovider接口:
package com.example.audit;
import org.springframework.data.auditing.datetimeprovider;
import org.springframework.stereotype.component;
import java.time.localdatetime;
import java.time.zoneid;
import java.time.temporal.temporalaccessor;
import java.util.optional;
/**
* 自定义日期时间提供者
*/
@component
public class customdatetimeprovider implements datetimeprovider {
@override
public optional<temporalaccessor> getnow() {
// 使用特定时区的当前时间
return optional.of(localdatetime.now(zoneid.of("asia/shanghai")));
}
}
然后在配置类中注册这个提供者:
package com.example.config;
import com.example.audit.customdatetimeprovider;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.configuration;
import org.springframework.data.auditing.datetimeprovider;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.config.enablejpaauditing;
/**
* jpa审计功能配置类
*/
@configuration
@enablejpaauditing(datetimeproviderref = "datetimeprovider") // 指定日期时间提供者
public class jpaauditingconfig {
@bean
public datetimeprovider datetimeprovider() {
return new customdatetimeprovider();
}
}
四、实现用户审计
除了时间审计,还可以实现用户审计,即记录创建和修改实体的用户。
4.1 扩展审计基类
扩展审计基类,添加用户审计字段:
package com.example.entity;
import org.springframework.data.annotation.createdby;
import org.springframework.data.annotation.createddate;
import org.springframework.data.annotation.lastmodifiedby;
import org.springframework.data.annotation.lastmodifieddate;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.domain.support.auditingentitylistener;
import javax.persistence.column;
import javax.persistence.entitylisteners;
import javax.persistence.mappedsuperclass;
import java.time.localdatetime;
/**
* 包含完整审计字段的基础实体类
*/
@mappedsuperclass
@entitylisteners(auditingentitylistener.class)
public abstract class fullauditableentity {
@createddate
@column(name = "created_date", updatable = false)
private localdatetime createddate;
@lastmodifieddate
@column(name = "last_modified_date")
private localdatetime lastmodifieddate;
@createdby
@column(name = "created_by", updatable = false)
private string createdby;
@lastmodifiedby
@column(name = "last_modified_by")
private string lastmodifiedby;
// getter和setter方法省略
}
4.2 实现auditoraware接口
要使用@createdby和@lastmodifiedby注解,需要实现auditoraware接口,提供当前用户信息:
package com.example.audit;
import org.springframework.data.domain.auditoraware;
import org.springframework.security.core.authentication;
import org.springframework.security.core.context.securitycontextholder;
import org.springframework.stereotype.component;
import java.util.optional;
/**
* 当前用户提供者
*/
@component
public class springsecurityauditoraware implements auditoraware<string> {
@override
public optional<string> getcurrentauditor() {
// 从spring security上下文中获取当前用户
authentication authentication = securitycontextholder.getcontext().getauthentication();
if (authentication == null || !authentication.isauthenticated()) {
return optional.of("anonymoususer");
}
return optional.of(authentication.getname());
}
}
然后在配置类中注册这个提供者:
package com.example.config;
import com.example.audit.customdatetimeprovider;
import com.example.audit.springsecurityauditoraware;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.configuration;
import org.springframework.data.auditing.datetimeprovider;
import org.springframework.data.domain.auditoraware;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.config.enablejpaauditing;
/**
* jpa审计功能配置类
*/
@configuration
@enablejpaauditing(
datetimeproviderref = "datetimeprovider",
auditorawareref = "auditoraware" // 指定用户提供者
)
public class jpaauditingconfig {
@bean
public datetimeprovider datetimeprovider() {
return new customdatetimeprovider();
}
@bean
public auditoraware<string> auditoraware() {
return new springsecurityauditoraware();
}
}
4.3 使用完整审计实体
创建业务实体并继承完整审计基类:
package com.example.entity;
import javax.persistence.*;
import java.math.bigdecimal;
/**
* 订单实体类
*/
@entity
@table(name = "tb_order")
public class order extends fullauditableentity {
@id
@generatedvalue(strategy = generationtype.identity)
private long id;
@column(name = "order_number", nullable = false, unique = true)
private string ordernumber;
@column(name = "customer_id")
private long customerid;
@column(name = "total_amount", precision = 10, scale = 2)
private bigdecimal totalamount;
@column(name = "status")
private string status;
// getter和setter方法省略
}
五、实际应用场景
spring data jpa的审计功能在实际开发中有广泛的应用场景。
5.1 数据版本控制
结合版本控制字段,实现乐观锁和数据版本追踪:
package com.example.entity;
import javax.persistence.*;
import org.springframework.data.annotation.createddate;
import org.springframework.data.annotation.lastmodifieddate;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.domain.support.auditingentitylistener;
import java.time.localdatetime;
/**
* 文档实体类
*/
@entity
@table(name = "tb_document")
@entitylisteners(auditingentitylistener.class)
public class document {
@id
@generatedvalue(strategy = generationtype.identity)
private long id;
@column(name = "title")
private string title;
@column(name = "content", columndefinition = "text")
private string content;
@version // 版本控制字段
@column(name = "version")
private long version;
@createddate
@column(name = "created_date", updatable = false)
private localdatetime createddate;
@lastmodifieddate
@column(name = "last_modified_date")
private localdatetime lastmodifieddate;
// getter和setter方法省略
}
5.2 审计日志记录
利用实体监听器,实现更详细的审计日志记录:
package com.example.listener;
import com.example.entity.auditlog;
import com.example.entity.product;
import com.example.repository.auditlogrepository;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.component;
import javax.persistence.postpersist;
import javax.persistence.postupdate;
import javax.persistence.prepersist;
import javax.persistence.preupdate;
import java.time.localdatetime;
/**
* 产品审计监听器
*/
@component
public class productauditlistener {
@autowired
private auditlogrepository auditlogrepository;
private static final threadlocal<product> originalstate = new threadlocal<>();
@prepersist
public void prepersist(product product) {
// 新建产品前的操作
}
@postpersist
public void postpersist(product product) {
// 记录产品创建日志
auditlog log = new auditlog();
log.setentitytype("product");
log.setentityid(product.getid().tostring());
log.setaction("create");
log.settimestamp(localdatetime.now());
log.setdetails("created product: " + product.getname());
auditlogrepository.save(log);
}
@preupdate
public void preupdate(product product) {
// 保存产品原始状态
product original = new product();
// 复制product的属性到original
originalstate.set(original);
}
@postupdate
public void postupdate(product product) {
// 获取原始状态
product original = originalstate.get();
// 记录产品更新日志
auditlog log = new auditlog();
log.setentitytype("product");
log.setentityid(product.getid().tostring());
log.setaction("update");
log.settimestamp(localdatetime.now());
// 构建变更信息
stringbuilder changes = new stringbuilder();
if (!product.getname().equals(original.getname())) {
changes.append("name changed from '")
.append(original.getname())
.append("' to '")
.append(product.getname())
.append("'. ");
}
// 其他字段变更检查...
log.setdetails(changes.tostring());
auditlogrepository.save(log);
// 清理threadlocal
originalstate.remove();
}
}
要启用这个监听器,需要在product实体上注册:
@entity
@table(name = "tb_product")
@entitylisteners({auditingentitylistener.class, productauditlistener.class})
public class product extends auditableentity {
// 实体内容
}
5.3 多租户审计
在多租户系统中,结合审计功能实现租户数据隔离:
package com.example.entity;
import org.springframework.data.annotation.createdby;
import org.springframework.data.annotation.createddate;
import org.springframework.data.annotation.lastmodifiedby;
import org.springframework.data.annotation.lastmodifieddate;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.domain.support.auditingentitylistener;
import javax.persistence.column;
import javax.persistence.entitylisteners;
import javax.persistence.mappedsuperclass;
import java.time.localdatetime;
/**
* 多租户审计基类
*/
@mappedsuperclass
@entitylisteners(auditingentitylistener.class)
public abstract class tenantauditableentity {
@column(name = "tenant_id", nullable = false, updatable = false)
private string tenantid;
@createddate
@column(name = "created_date", updatable = false)
private localdatetime createddate;
@lastmodifieddate
@column(name = "last_modified_date")
private localdatetime lastmodifieddate;
@createdby
@column(name = "created_by", updatable = false)
private string createdby;
@lastmodifiedby
@column(name = "last_modified_by")
private string lastmodifiedby;
// getter和setter方法省略
}
使用多租户审计实体:
package com.example.entity;
import javax.persistence.*;
/**
* 客户实体类
*/
@entity
@table(name = "tb_customer")
public class customer extends tenantauditableentity {
@id
@generatedvalue(strategy = generationtype.identity)
private long id;
@column(name = "name")
private string name;
@column(name = "email")
private string email;
@column(name = "phone")
private string phone;
// getter和setter方法省略
}
六、高级技巧
spring data jpa审计功能还有一些高级用法,可以满足更复杂的审计需求。
6.1 条件审计
有时候我们只希望在特定条件下进行审计。可以通过自定义实体监听器实现:
package com.example.listener;
import com.example.entity.user;
import org.springframework.data.annotation.createddate;
import org.springframework.data.annotation.lastmodifieddate;
import javax.persistence.prepersist;
import javax.persistence.preupdate;
import java.lang.reflect.field;
import java.time.localdatetime;
/**
* 条件审计监听器
*/
public class conditionalauditlistener {
@prepersist
public void touchforcreate(object target) {
// 只对激活状态的用户进行审计
if (target instanceof user) {
user user = (user) target;
if (user.isactive()) {
setcreateddate(user);
}
}
}
@preupdate
public void touchforupdate(object target) {
// 只对激活状态的用户进行审计
if (target instanceof user) {
user user = (user) target;
if (user.isactive()) {
setlastmodifieddate(user);
}
}
}
private void setcreateddate(object target) {
setfieldvalue(target, createddate.class, localdatetime.now());
}
private void setlastmodifieddate(object target) {
setfieldvalue(target, lastmodifieddate.class, localdatetime.now());
}
private void setfieldvalue(object target, class annotation, object value) {
try {
for (field field : target.getclass().getdeclaredfields()) {
if (field.isannotationpresent(annotation)) {
field.setaccessible(true);
field.set(target, value);
}
}
} catch (illegalaccessexception e) {
throw new runtimeexception("failed to set auditing field", e);
}
}
}
6.2 自定义审计注解
可以创建自定义审计注解,实现更灵活的审计逻辑:
package com.example.annotation;
import java.lang.annotation.elementtype;
import java.lang.annotation.retention;
import java.lang.annotation.retentionpolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.target;
/**
* 自定义审计注解:记录字段的历史值
*/
@retention(retentionpolicy.runtime)
@target(elementtype.field)
public @interface trackchanges {
string value() default "";
}
然后实现对应的监听器处理这个注解:
package com.example.listener;
import com.example.annotation.trackchanges;
import com.example.entity.fieldchangelog;
import com.example.repository.fieldchangelogrepository;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.autowired;
import javax.persistence.preupdate;
import java.lang.reflect.field;
import java.time.localdatetime;
import java.util.objects;
/**
* 字段变更跟踪监听器
*/
public class fieldchangetrackinglistener {
@autowired
private fieldchangelogrepository changelogrepository;
@preupdate
public void preupdate(object entity) {
try {
// 获取实体id
long entityid = getentityid(entity);
string entitytype = entity.getclass().getsimplename();
// 查找标记了@trackchanges的字段
for (field field : entity.getclass().getdeclaredfields()) {
trackchanges annotation = field.getannotation(trackchanges.class);
if (annotation != null) {
field.setaccessible(true);
// 获取字段新值
object newvalue = field.get(entity);
// 从数据库获取原始实体和字段旧值
object originalentity = loadoriginalentity(entityid, entity.getclass());
field.setaccessible(true);
object oldvalue = field.get(originalentity);
// 如果值发生变化,记录日志
if (!objects.equals(oldvalue, newvalue)) {
fieldchangelog changelog = new fieldchangelog();
changelog.setentitytype(entitytype);
changelog.setentityid(entityid);
changelog.setfieldname(field.getname());
changelog.setoldvalue(oldvalue != null ? oldvalue.tostring() : null);
changelog.setnewvalue(newvalue != null ? newvalue.tostring() : null);
changelog.setchangedat(localdatetime.now());
changelogrepository.save(changelog);
}
}
}
} catch (exception e) {
throw new runtimeexception("failed to track field changes", e);
}
}
private long getentityid(object entity) throws exception {
// 获取实体id的逻辑
// ...
return null;
}
private object loadoriginalentity(long entityid, class<?> entityclass) {
// 从数据库加载原始实体的逻辑
// ...
return null;
}
}
总结
spring data jpa的审计功能提供了一种强大而灵活的机制,用于自动跟踪实体的创建和修改信息。通过使用@createddate和@lastmodifieddate注解,开发者可以轻松地实现时间审计;结合@createdby和@lastmodifiedby注解以及auditoraware接口,还可以实现用户审计。这些功能大大简化了审计系统的开发工作,使开发者能够专注于业务逻辑的实现。
在实际应用中,审计功能可以与版本控制、详细日志记录和多租户系统等场景结合,满足不同的业务需求。通过自定义实体监听器和审计注解,还可以实现更加复杂和灵活的审计逻辑。总之,spring data jpa的审计功能是构建健壮企业级应用的重要组成部分,对于提高系统的可追溯性和安全性具有重要意义。
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