1. python操作excel基础
1.1 常用excel操作库对比
python处理excel主要有三大库:
# openpyxl示例
from openpyxl import workbook
wb = workbook()
ws = wb.active
ws['a1'] = "openpyxl示例"
# xlsxwriter示例
import xlsxwriter
workbook = xlsxwriter.workbook('demo.xlsx')
worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet()
# pandas示例
import pandas as pd
df = pd.dataframe({'data': [1, 2, 3]})
df.to_excel('pandas.xlsx', index=false)
特性对比表:
| 库名称 | 读写能力 | 样式支持 | 性能 | 适用场景 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| openpyxl | 读写 | 完善 | 中等 | 复杂样式处理 |
| xlsxwriter | 只写 | 丰富 | 高 | 大数据量写入 |
| pandas | 读写 | 基础 | 高 | 数据分析导出 |
1.2 环境准备与基础配置
安装命令:
pip install openpyxl
基础工作流程:
from openpyxl import workbook from openpyxl.styles import border, side # 创建工作簿 wb = workbook() ws = wb.active # 基础单元格操作 ws['a1'] = "单元格内容" ws.cell(row=2, column=1, value="第二行")
2. excel边框样式详解
2.1 边框类型全解析
边框样式示例:
# 常见边框样式 thin = side(border_style="thin", color="000000") double = side(border_style="double", color="ff0000") dashed = side(border_style="dashed", color="00ff00")
2.2 边框样式常量
border类使用:
from openpyxl.styles import border, side
# 定义边框样式
thin_border = border(left=side(style='thin'),
right=side(style='thin'),
top=side(style='thin'),
bottom=side(style='thin'))
# 应用边框
ws['a1'].border = thin_border
3. openpyxl设置边框实战
3.1 单一边框设置
单个单元格边框:
from openpyxl.styles import border, side # 定义单边边框 left_border = border(left=side(style='medium', color='ff0000')) # 应用边框 ws['b2'].border = left_border
3.2 复合边框设置
多样式边框:
# 不同边不同样式
mixed_border = border(
left=side(style='thick', color='0000ff'),
right=side(style='thin', color='00ff00'),
top=side(style='dashed', color='ff0000')
)
ws['c3'].border = mixed_border
3.3 批量边框操作
区域边框设置:
# 批量设置边框
from openpyxl.styles import border, side
border_style = border(
left=side(style='thin'),
right=side(style='thin'),
top=side(style='thin'),
bottom=side(style='thin')
)
for row in ws['a1:c5']:
for cell in row:
cell.border = border_style
4. 高级应用场景
4.1 结合pandas设置边框
dataframe导出带样式:
import pandas as pd
from openpyxl import load_workbook
from openpyxl.styles import border, side
# 创建dataframe
df = pd.dataframe({'a': [1, 2], 'b': [3, 4]})
# 先导出数据
df.to_excel('styled.xlsx', index=false)
# 再添加样式
wb = load_workbook('styled.xlsx')
ws = wb.active
# 设置边框
border = border(left=side(style='thin'), right=side(style='thin'))
for row in ws.iter_rows():
for cell in row:
cell.border = border
wb.save('styled.xlsx')
4.2 报表美化实战
财务报表边框规范:
# 设置外粗内细的表格边框
outer_border = border(
left=side(style='thick'),
right=side(style='thick'),
top=side(style='thick'),
bottom=side(style='thick')
)
inner_border = border(
left=side(style='thin'),
right=side(style='thin'),
top=side(style='thin'),
bottom=side(style='thin')
)
# 应用边框样式
for row in ws.iter_rows(min_row=2, max_row=10, min_col=1, max_col=5):
for cell in row:
if cell.row == 2 or cell.row == 10 or cell.column == 1 or cell.column == 5:
cell.border = outer_border
else:
cell.border = inner_border
5. 扩展与优化
5.1 自定义样式工厂
样式复用方案:
def get_border(style='thin', color='000000'):
return border(
left=side(style=style, color=color),
right=side(style=style, color=color),
top=side(style=style, color=color),
bottom=side(style=style, color=color)
)
# 使用自定义样式
ws['a1'].border = get_border('medium', 'ff0000')
5.2 性能优化
批量操作优化:
# 使用样式对象复用
border = border(left=side(style='thin'))
# 先收集所有单元格再统一设置
cells = []
for row in ws.iter_rows():
for cell in row:
cells.append(cell)
for cell in cells:
cell.border = border
6. 总结与资源
核心知识点总结:
- openpyxl提供了最完善的excel样式控制能力
- border和side类是设置边框的核心
- 批量操作时要注意性能优化
推荐学习资源:
- openpyxl官方文档
- pandas样式处理指南
- excel样式规范文档
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