Python+Tkinter实现Windows Hosts文件编辑管理工具_Python

一、前言：为什么我们需要专业的hosts管理工具

在日常开发、网络调试或科学上网场景中，hosts文件修改是每个开发者都绕不开的"必修课"。传统的手动修改方式存在三大痛点：

操作风险高：直接修改系统文件可能导致语法错误
效率低下：每次修改需要定位到系统目录
缺乏管理：版本回溯困难，多人协作不便

本文将完整解析一个基于python tkinter开发的windows hosts管理工具（附完整源码），它具备：

可视化编辑
一键备份/恢复
github加速预设
dns缓存刷新
网络配置快速入口

二、工具核心功能全景图

2.1 基础功能模块

功能模块	技术实现	使用场景
可视化编辑	tkinter text组件	安全修改hosts内容
版本管理	shutil文件操作	配置回滚/多环境切换
语法校验	正则表达式	防止配置错误

2.2 进阶网络工具

class networktoolsmanager:
    @staticmethod
    def flush_dns():
        subprocess.run(["ipconfig", "/flushdns"], shell=true)

三、关键技术实现深度解析

3.1 安全文件操作机制

def save_hosts(self):
    try:
        with open(hosts_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
            f.write(content)
        logging.info(f"成功保存hosts文件")
    except permissionerror:
        messagebox.showerror("错误", "请以管理员权限运行程序")

关键点分析：

强制utf-8编码避免乱码
try-catch捕获权限异常
操作日志全程记录

3.2 智能备份系统设计

备份策略采用"时间戳+增量"模式：

backups/
├── hosts_20240507_143000.bak
├── hosts_20240507_143500.bak
└── hosts_20240507_144000.bak

核心代码逻辑：

backup_name = f"hosts_{datetime.now().strftime('%y%m%d_%h%m%s')}.bak"
shutil.copy(hosts_path, os.path.join(backup_dir, backup_name))

3.3 界面交互优化技巧

现代化ui实现方案：

卡片式布局（css风格阴影效果）

self.main_frame = tk.frame(highlightbackground="#dcdcdc", highlightthickness=1)

按钮悬停特效

btn.bind("<enter>", lambda e: btn.config(bg=hover_color))
btn.bind("<leave>", lambda e: btn.config(bg=normal_color))

状态栏实时反馈

self.status_bar = tk.label(text="就绪", anchor=tk.w)

四、实战演示：从安装到高阶使用

4.1 环境搭建步骤

安装python 3.8+

安装依赖库：

pip install tkinter shutil logging datetime

下载源码（文末提供）

4.2 典型使用场景演示

场景一：快速切换开发环境

点击"加载hosts"读取当前配置
修改测试环境域名指向
保存后自动备份

场景二：github加速

def accelerate_github(self):
    github_hosts = """
    140.82.112.3 github.com
    140.82.112.4 gist.github.com
    ..."""

点击网络工具→加速github一键注入最优ip

五、性能优化与异常处理

5.1 大文件处理优化

# 分块读取大文件
with open(hosts_path, "r") as f:
    while chunk := f.read(4096):
        self.text.insert(tk.end, chunk)

5.2 全面的错误处理机制

错误类型	处理方案	用户提示
文件不存在	自动创建备份目录	“正在初始化备份目录…”
权限不足	捕获permissionerror	“请以管理员身份运行”
编码错误	强制utf-8编码	“文件编码异常，已自动转换”

六、工具扩展方向

6.1 企业级功能增强

增加多环境profile管理

开发团队协作版本控制

添加配置差异对比功能

6.2 跨平台适配方案

# 自适应系统路径
if sys.platform == "win32":
    hosts_path = r"c:\windows\system32\drivers\etc\hosts"
elif sys.platform == "linux":
    hosts_path = "/etc/hosts"

七、结语与资源下载

通过本工具的开发实践，我们不仅解决了hosts管理的痛点，更展示了python gui开发的强大灵活性。工具已开源，欢迎star和贡献代码！

完整源码下载

import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import messagebox, filedialog
import os
import shutil
import logging
import datetime

# 日志配置
log_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "logs")
if not os.path.exists(log_dir):
    os.makedirs(log_dir)

log_filename = os.path.join(log_dir, f"hostsmanager_{datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%y%m%d_%h%m%s')}.log")
logging.basicconfig(
    level=logging.info,
    format='%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s',
    handlers=[
        logging.filehandler(log_filename, encoding='utf-8'),
        logging.streamhandler() # 同时输出到控制台，方便调试
    ]
)

hosts_path = r"c:\windows\system32\drivers\etc\hosts"
backup_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "backups")


class networktoolsmanager:
    @staticmethod
    def flush_dns():
        import subprocess
        subprocess.run(["ipconfig", "/flushdns"], shell=true)

class hostsmanagerapp:
    def __init__(self, root):
        self.root = root
        self.root.title("windows hosts编辑器")
        self.root.geometry("800x600") # 增大窗口尺寸
        self.root.resizable(true, true) # 允许调整大小
        self.root.configure(bg="#f0f0f0") # 使用更柔和的背景色

        # 卡片式布局，增加圆角和更细微的阴影
        self.main_frame = tk.frame(root, bg="#ffffff", bd=0, relief="solid", borderwidth=1, highlightbackground="#dcdcdc", highlightthickness=1)
        self.main_frame.place(relx=0.02, rely=0.02, relwidth=0.96, relheight=0.96) # 调整布局，减少顶部空白，增加高度

        # hosts内容文本框和滚动条
        self.text_frame = tk.frame(self.main_frame, bg="#ffffff") # 文本框容器
        self.text_frame.place(relx=0.03, rely=0.10, relwidth=0.94, relheight=0.68) # 调整文本框位置和高度

        self.scrollbar = tk.scrollbar(self.text_frame, orient="vertical")
        self.scrollbar.pack(side="right", fill="y")
        
        self.text = tk.text(
            self.text_frame,
            font=("segoe ui", 11), # 调整字体大小
            wrap="none",
            bg="#ffffff",
            relief="flat",
            bd=0,
            highlightthickness=1,
            highlightbackground="#e0e0e0",
            highlightcolor="#64b5f6", # 调整高亮颜色
            yscrollcommand=self.scrollbar.set,
            padx=10, # 增加内边距
            pady=10
        )
        self.text.pack(side="left", fill="both", expand=true)
        
        self.scrollbar.config(command=self.text.yview)

        # 按钮区 - 使用更现代的样式和布局
        button_frame = tk.frame(self.main_frame, bg="#ffffff")
        button_frame.place(relx=0.03, rely=0.02, relwidth=0.94, height=45) # 增加按钮区域高度

        btn_style = {
            "font": ("segoe ui", 10, "bold"), # 调整字体
            "fg": "white",
            "bd": 0,
            "relief": "flat",
            "cursor": "hand2",
            "height": 1,
            "padx": 10,
            "pady": 5
        }

        # 按钮颜色和悬停效果
        colors = {
            "load": ("#4caf50", "#66bb6a"),
            "save": ("#2196f3", "#64b5f6"),
            "backup": ("#ff9800", "#ffb74d"),
            "restore": ("#9c27b0", "#ba68c8"),
            "switch": ("#78909c", "#90a4ae"),
            "network": ("#009688", "#4db6ac")
        }

        def create_button(parent, text, command, color_key, width):
            btn = tk.button(
                parent,
                text=text,
                command=command,
                bg=colors[color_key][0],
                activebackground=colors[color_key][1],
                activeforeground="white",
                **btn_style
            )
            btn.bind("<enter>", lambda e, b=btn, c=colors[color_key][1]: b.config(bg=c))
            btn.bind("<leave>", lambda e, b=btn, c=colors[color_key][0]: b.config(bg=c))
            return btn

        self.load_btn = create_button(button_frame, "加载hosts", self.load_hosts, "load", 100)
        self.load_btn.pack(side="left", padx=5)

        self.save_btn = create_button(button_frame, "保存hosts", self.save_hosts, "save", 100)
        self.save_btn.pack(side="left", padx=5)

        self.backup_btn = create_button(button_frame, "备份当前hosts", self.backup_hosts, "backup", 120)
        self.backup_btn.pack(side="left", padx=5)

        self.restore_btn = create_button(button_frame, "管理备份", self.open_backup_window, "restore", 100)
        self.restore_btn.pack(side="left", padx=5)

        self.switch_btn = create_button(button_frame, "切换hosts配置", self.switch_hosts, "switch", 130)
        self.switch_btn.pack(side="left", padx=5)

        # 网络工具菜单按钮
        self.network_menu_btn = tk.menubutton(
            self.main_frame,
            text="网络工具",
            bg=colors["network"][0],
            activebackground=colors["network"][1],
            activeforeground="white",
            **btn_style
        )
        self.network_menu_btn.place(relx=0.03, rely=0.80, width=100, height=32)
        
        self.network_menu = tk.menu(self.network_menu_btn, tearoff=0, bg="#ffffff", fg="#333333", font=("segoe ui", 10))
        self.network_menu.add_command(label="加速github", command=self.accelerate_github)
        self.network_menu.add_command(label="网络配置", command=self.open_network_settings)
        self.network_menu.add_command(label="刷新dns缓存", command=networktoolsmanager.flush_dns)
        self.network_menu.add_command(label="打开hosts文件", command=self.open_hosts_file)
        
        self.network_menu_btn.config(menu=self.network_menu)
        self.network_menu_btn.bind(
            "<enter>", lambda e: self.network_menu_btn.config(bg=colors["network"][1])
        )
        self.network_menu_btn.bind(
            "<leave>", lambda e: self.network_menu_btn.config(bg=colors["network"][0])
        )

        # 状态栏
        self.status_bar = tk.label(self.main_frame, text="就绪", bd=1, relief=tk.sunken, 
                                anchor=tk.w, bg="#e3f2fd", fg="#37474f")
        self.status_bar.place(relx=0.03, rely=0.92, relwidth=0.94, height=24)

        self.load_hosts()
        logging.info("应用程序启动")

    def open_hosts_file(self):
        import subprocess
        try:
            subprocess.popen(["notepad.exe", hosts_path])
            logging.info(f"已用系统默认编辑器打开 hosts 文件: {hosts_path}")
        except exception as e:
            logging.exception(f"打开 hosts 文件失败: {hosts_path}")
            messagebox.showerror("错误", f"打开hosts文件失败: {e}")

    def load_hosts(self):
        try:
            with open(hosts_path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                content = f.read()
            self.text.delete(1.0, tk.end)
            self.text.insert(tk.end, content)
            logging.info(f"成功加载 hosts 文件: {hosts_path}")
        except exception as e:
            logging.exception(f"加载 hosts 文件失败: {hosts_path}")
            messagebox.showerror("错误", f"加载hosts失败: {e}")

    def save_hosts(self):
        content = self.text.get(1.0, tk.end)
        try:
            with open(hosts_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                f.write(content)
            logging.info(f"成功保存 hosts 文件: {hosts_path}")
            messagebox.showinfo("成功", "hosts文件已保存！")
        except exception as e:
            logging.exception(f"保存 hosts 文件失败: {hosts_path}")
            messagebox.showerror("错误", f"保存hosts失败: {e}")

    def backup_hosts(self):
        if not os.path.exists(backup_dir):
            try:
                os.makedirs(backup_dir)
                logging.info(f"创建备份目录: {backup_dir}")
            except exception as e:
                logging.exception(f"创建备份目录失败: {backup_dir}")
                messagebox.showerror("错误", f"创建备份目录失败: {e}")
                return

        backup_name = f"hosts_{datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%y%m%d_%h%m%s')}.bak"
        backup_path = os.path.join(backup_dir, backup_name)
        try:
            shutil.copy(hosts_path, backup_path)
            logging.info(f"成功备份 hosts 文件到: {backup_path}")
            messagebox.showinfo("成功", f"备份成功: {backup_name}")
        except exception as e:
            logging.exception(f"备份 hosts 文件失败: {hosts_path} -> {backup_path}")
            messagebox.showerror("错误", f"备份失败: {e}")

    def open_backup_window(self):
        backup_window = tk.toplevel(self.root)
        backup_window.title("备份管理")
        backup_window.geometry("400x350")
        backup_window.resizable(true, true)
        backup_window.configure(bg="#f0f0f0")
        backup_window.transient(self.root)
        backup_window.grab_set()

        # 备份列表区域
        backup_frame = tk.frame(backup_window, bg="#ffffff", bd=1, relief="solid", highlightbackground="#dcdcdc", highlightthickness=1)
        backup_frame.pack(padx=10, pady=10, fill="both", expand=true)

        label_backup = tk.label(
            backup_frame,
            text="备份列表:",
            font=("segoe ui", 10, "bold"),
            bg="#ffffff",
            fg="#555555",
            anchor="w"
        )
        label_backup.pack(side="top", fill="x", padx=5, pady=(5, 2))

        listbox_frame = tk.frame(backup_frame, bg="#ffffff")
        listbox_frame.pack(fill="both", expand=true, padx=5, pady=(0, 5))

        backup_scrollbar = tk.scrollbar(listbox_frame, orient="vertical")
        backup_scrollbar.pack(side="right", fill="y")
        
        backup_listbox = tk.listbox(
            listbox_frame,
            font=("segoe ui", 10),
            bd=0,
            highlightthickness=1,
            highlightbackground="#e0e0e0",
            relief="flat",
            bg="#f9f9f9",
            yscrollcommand=backup_scrollbar.set,
            selectbackground="#64b5f6",
            selectforeground="white"
        )
        backup_listbox.pack(side="left", fill="both", expand=true)
        backup_scrollbar.config(command=backup_listbox.yview)

        def refresh_list():
            backup_listbox.delete(0, tk.end)
            if not os.path.exists(backup_dir):
                logging.warning(f"备份目录不存在: {backup_dir}")
                return
            try:
                files = sorted(os.listdir(backup_dir), reverse=true)
                for fname in files:
                    if fname.endswith(".bak"):
                        backup_listbox.insert(tk.end, fname)
                logging.info(f"成功加载备份列表从: {backup_dir}")
            except exception as e:
                logging.exception(f"加载备份列表失败: {backup_dir}")
                messagebox.showerror("错误", f"加载备份列表失败: {e}", parent=backup_window)

        def restore_selected_backup():
            sel = backup_listbox.curselection()
            if not sel:
                messagebox.showwarning("提示", "请先选择一个备份文件！", parent=backup_window)
                return
            backup_file = backup_listbox.get(sel[0])
            backup_path = os.path.join(backup_dir, backup_file)
            try:
                shutil.copy(backup_path, hosts_path)
                self.load_hosts()
                logging.info(f"成功从备份还原 hosts 文件: {backup_path} -> {hosts_path}")
                messagebox.showinfo("成功", "还原成功！", parent=backup_window)
                backup_window.destroy()
            except exception as e:
                logging.exception(f"从备份还原 hosts 文件失败: {backup_path} -> {hosts_path}")
                messagebox.showerror("错误", f"还原失败: {e}", parent=backup_window)

        def delete_selected_backup():
            sel = backup_listbox.curselection()
            if not sel:
                messagebox.showwarning("提示", "请先选择一个备份文件！", parent=backup_window)
                return
            backup_file = backup_listbox.get(sel[0])
            backup_path = os.path.join(backup_dir, backup_file)
            if messagebox.askyesno("确认", f"确定要删除备份文件 '{backup_file}' 吗？", parent=backup_window):
                try:
                    os.remove(backup_path)
                    logging.info(f"成功删除备份文件: {backup_path}")
                    messagebox.showinfo("成功", "备份文件已删除！", parent=backup_window)
                    refresh_list()
                except exception as e:
                    logging.exception(f"删除备份文件失败: {backup_path}")
                    messagebox.showerror("错误", f"删除失败: {e}", parent=backup_window)

        # 按钮区域
        button_frame_backup = tk.frame(backup_window, bg="#f0f0f0")
        button_frame_backup.pack(pady=(0, 10), fill="x", padx=10)

        restore_button = tk.button(button_frame_backup, text="还原选中备份", command=restore_selected_backup, bg="#4caf50", fg="white", relief="flat", font=("segoe ui", 10, "bold"))
        restore_button.pack(side="left", padx=5)

        delete_button = tk.button(button_frame_backup, text="删除选中备份", command=delete_selected_backup, bg="#f44336", fg="white", relief="flat", font=("segoe ui", 10, "bold"))
        delete_button.pack(side="left", padx=5)

        refresh_button = tk.button(button_frame_backup, text="刷新列表", command=refresh_list, bg="#2196f3", fg="white", relief="flat", font=("segoe ui", 10, "bold"))
        refresh_button.pack(side="right", padx=5)

        refresh_list()
        backup_window.mainloop()

    def switch_hosts(self):
        file_path = filedialog.askopenfilename(
            title="选择hosts配置",
            filetypes=[("hosts文件", "*.bak;*.txt;*.hosts;*.*")],
            initialdir=backup_dir,
        )
        if file_path:
            try:
                shutil.copy(file_path, hosts_path)
                self.load_hosts()
                logging.info(f"成功切换 hosts 文件: {file_path} -> {hosts_path}")
                messagebox.showinfo("成功", "切换成功！")
            except exception as e:
                logging.exception(f"切换 hosts 文件失败: {file_path} -> {hosts_path}")
                messagebox.showerror("错误", f"切换失败: {e}")
        else:
            logging.info("取消切换 hosts 文件")

    def set_dns(self):
        import subprocess
        from tkinter import simpledialog

        dns = simpledialog.askstring(
            "dns设置", "请输入新的dns服务器地址(如8.8.8.8):", parent=self.root
        )
        if dns:
            try:
                result = subprocess.check_output(
                    "wmic nic where (netenabled=true) get netconnectionid",
                    shell=true,
                    encoding="gbk",
                    stderr=subprocess.stdout
                )
                adapters = [
                    line.strip()
                    for line in result.splitlines()
                    if line.strip() and "netconnectionid" not in line
                ]
                if not adapters:
                    logging.error("未检测到可用的网络适配器")
                    messagebox.showerror("错误", "未检测到可用的网络适配器！")
                    return
                adapter = adapters[0]
                cmd = f'netsh interface ip set dns name="{adapter}" static {dns}'
                logging.info(f"尝试设置 dns: {cmd}")
                subprocess.check_call(cmd, shell=true)
                logging.info(f"成功设置 dns 为 {dns} (适配器: {adapter})")
                messagebox.showinfo("成功", f"dns已设置为: {dns}\n(适配器: {adapter})")
            except subprocess.calledprocesserror as e:
                logging.exception(f"设置 dns 命令执行失败: {cmd}\n输出: {e.output}")
                messagebox.showerror("错误", f"设置dns失败: {e}\n请检查是否以管理员权限运行")
            except exception as e:
                logging.exception(f"设置 dns 失败")
                messagebox.showerror("错误", f"设置dns失败: {e}")
        else:
            logging.info("取消设置 dns")

    def open_network_settings(self):
        import subprocess
        try:
            logging.info("尝试打开网络连接设置")
            subprocess.popen("control.exe ncpa.cpl", shell=true)
        except exception as e:
            logging.exception("打开网络连接设置失败")
            messagebox.showerror("错误", f"无法打开网络配置页面: {e}")
            
    def accelerate_github(self):
        """一键加速github访问"""
        github_hosts = """
# github start
140.82.112.3 github.com
140.82.112.4 gist.github.com
140.82.113.4 api.github.com
140.82.114.4 assets-cdn.github.com
140.82.112.5 raw.githubusercontent.com
140.82.113.5 user-images.githubusercontent.com
140.82.114.5 favicons.githubusercontent.com
140.82.112.6 avatars.githubusercontent.com
140.82.113.6 avatars0.githubusercontent.com
140.82.114.6 avatars1.githubusercontent.com
140.82.112.7 avatars2.githubusercontent.com
140.82.113.7 avatars3.githubusercontent.com
140.82.114.7 avatars4.githubusercontent.com
140.82.112.8 avatars5.githubusercontent.com
# github end
"""
        try:
            with open(hosts_path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                current_content = f.read()
            if "# github start" in current_content:
                logging.warning("github hosts 已存在，跳过添加")
                messagebox.showwarning("提示", "github加速配置似乎已存在，无需重复添加。")
                return

            with open(hosts_path, "a", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                f.write("\n" + github_hosts)
            self.load_hosts()
            logging.info("成功应用 github 加速 hosts")
            messagebox.showinfo("成功", "github加速已应用！")
        except exception as e:
            logging.exception("应用 github 加速 hosts 失败")
            messagebox.showerror("错误", f"加速github失败: {e}")
            
    def validate_hosts(self, content):
        import re
        pattern = r"^(\s*$|#.*|# ---.*|(\d{1,3}\.){3}\d{1,3}\s+\s+)?$"
        return all(re.match(pattern, line.strip()) for line in content.split("\n") if line.strip())


def main():
    root = tk.tk()
    root.protocol('wm_delete_window', root.destroy)
    app = hostsmanagerapp(root)
    root.mainloop()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    try:
        main()
    except exception as e:
        logging.critical("应用程序发生未捕获的严重错误", exc_info=true)
        messagebox.showerror("严重错误", f"应用程序遇到严重问题，请查看日志文件获取详细信息:\n{log_filename}\n\n错误: {e}")

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